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. 2021 Nov 26;9:e12525. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12525

Table 1. Seed flour nutrient composition with information provided on the packaging by commercial manufacturer and from independent testing.

Flax seed Chia seed Sunflower seed Hulled hemp seed Hemp flour
Linum usitatissimum Salvia hispanica Helianthus annuus Cannabis sativa
Seed nutrient composition provided on packaging (per 100 g)
Energy (kJ/100 g) 2,172 2,100 2,755 2,599 1,680
Protein (%) 21 21 21 31.3 17
Carbohydrate (%) <1 37 7.2 2 6.7
Dietary fibre (%) 28.8 35 8.8 3.3 67.1
Fat (%) 43 29 57 54.2 8.9
Fatty acid composition of seed oil
Saturated fatty acids Total (%) 10.8 11.8 11.9 10.8 12.7
Myristic acid (14:0) (%) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0
Pentadecylic acid (15:0) (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Palmitic acid (16:0) (%) 5.9 7.6 6.8 6.3 8.0
Margaric acid (17:0) (%) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Stearic acid (18:0) (%) 4.3 3.5 3.8 3.3 3.3
Arachidic acid (20:0) (%) 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.8
Behenic acid (22:0) (%) 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.3
Lignoceric acid (24:0) (%) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2
Unsaturated fatty acids Total (%) 89.2 88.2 88.1 89.2 87.3
ω-3 Total (%) 56.4 61.3 0.1 14.5 15.7
Alpha-Linolenic acid (18:3 n − 3) (%) 56.4 61.3 0.1 14.5 15.7
ω-6 Total (%) 14.7 19.9 61.4 58.4 57.7
Linoleic acid (18:2 n − 6) (%) 14.7 19.8 61.4 57.9 57.3
Eicosadienoic Acid (20:2 n − 6) (%) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
ω-7 Total (%) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9
Palmitoleic acid (16:1 n − 7) (%) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Vaccenic Acid (18:1 n − 7) (%) 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8
ω-9 Total (%) 17.1 6.0 25.8 15.4 12.9
Oleic Acid (18:1 n-9) (%) 17.0 5.9 25.7 15.1 12.4
Gondoic acid (20:1 n − 9) (%) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4
ω-3:ω-6 Actual Ratio(n:1) 3.837 3.084 0.002 0.249 0.272
Representative ratio 11:3 3:1 1:614 1:4 2:7
Mineral composition
Na (mg/kg) 1,073 0 0 0 0
Mg (mg/kg) 4,425 3,525 3,493 5,359 3,296
K (mg/kg) 7,482 7,679 7,930 9,747 7,367
Ca (mg/kg) 1,388 5,689 1,289 349 982
Cr (mg/kg) 2 2 1.5 2 1.3
Mn (mg/kg) 23.3 30.6 31.5 68 91.5
Fe (mg/kg) 143 145.4 80.6 196 196.3
Co (mg/kg) 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
Ni (mg/kg) 1.2 1.8 5.2 53.2 0.6
Cu (mg/kg) 17.4 17.7 24.2 12.2 14.1
Zn (mg/kg) 43.7 52.0 66.1 81.7 53.0
Se (mg/kg) 0.9 0.9 0 1.8 1.0
Mo (mg/kg) 0.2 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.6
I (mg/kg) 274.4 267.6 403.7 459.4 314.7