Table 4.

MYCN-related methylation in neuroblastoma.

Gene	Methylation Status	MYCN Amplification	Effect on Neuroblastoma	Effect on Prognosis	Effect on Therapy-Related Resistance	Citation
FOXR2	Methylated	Non-amplified	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Korschunov et al. (2021) [165] Schmitt-Hoffner et al. (2021) [166]
VRK1	Hypo-methylated	Amplified	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Colmenero-Repiso et al. (2020) [167]
DDX58	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance	Lin et al. (2020) [168]
H3K9me1/2	Methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance. De-methylation confers tumor sensitivity	Gupta et al. (2018) [169]
NAV2, NCAM2, PRPH	Hyper-methylated	Amplified	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance. De-methylation confers tumor sensitivity	Westerlund et al. (2017) [159]
H3K79	Methylated	Amplified	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance. De-methylation confers tumor sensitivity	Wong et al. (2017) [170]
LET7G, MIR124-2, MIR1490, MIR15599, MIR23B, MIR24-1, MIR27B, MIR34C, MIR34B2, MIR196A-1	Methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance. De-methylation confers tumor sensitivity	Parodi et al. (2016) [160]
NCYM	Methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Liu et al. (2016) [171]
PCDHB, ABCB1, CACNA1G, CD44,DUSP23, PRDM2, RBP1, SFRP1	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance. De-methylation confers tumor sensitivity	Henrich et al. (2016) [172]
KRT19, PRPH, CNR1, QPCT	Methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance. De-methylation confers tumor sensitivity	Henrich et al. (2016) [172]
CD9	Methylated	Non-amplified	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Fabian et al. (2016) [173]
TFAP2B	Methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Chemo-resistance. De-methylation confers tumor sensitivity	Ikram et al. (2016) [174]
H3K4	Tri-methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Sun et al. (2015) [175]
NNAT, TP73, CCND, RUNX32, CTSZ, DUSP2, HPN, JAK2, LRRC4, MAGEA2, MGMT, PAX8, ECRG4, RB1, TDGF1, TSPAN32	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Yanez et al. (2015) [176] Gonzalez-Gomez et al. (2003) [177]
p19-INK4d	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Dreidax et al. (2014) [178]
RASSF1A, PCDHB	Methylated	Both	Tumor progression	Poor	Unknown	Haruta et al. (2014) [179] Lazcoz et al. (2007) [180] Yang et al. (2004) [181]
NR4A3	Hyper-methylated Hypo-methylated	Both	Tumor inhibition Tumor Progression	Good Poor	Unknown	Uekusa et al. (2014) [161]
CASP8	Methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Asada et al. (2013) [162] Lazcoz et al. (2007) [180] Fulda et al. (2006) [182] Casciano et al. (2004) [183] Gonzalez-Gomez et al. (2003) [177]
ZAR1	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Sugito et al. (2013) [184]
CASR	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Casala et al. (2013) [185]
KRT19, FAS, PRPH, CNR1, QPCT, HIST1H3C, ACSS3, GRB10	Methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Decock et al. (2012) [186]
HIST1H3C, GNAS	Methylated	Both	Tumor inhibition	Good	Unknown	Decock et al. (2012) [186]
DNAJC15, NTRK1, TNFRSF10D	Methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown (found in older patients)	Lau et al. (2012) [187]
DNAJC15, NTRK1, PYCARD	Hyper-methylated	Amplified	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Lau et al. (2012) [187]
FOLH1, MYOD1, THBS1	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Lau et al. (2012) [187] Gonzalez-Gomez et al. (2003) [177]
SLC16A5, ZNF206	Hypo-methylated	Both	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Sugito et al. (2013) [188]
RASSF family	Methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Djos et al. (2012) [189] Misawa et al. (2009) [190] Michalowski et al. (2008) [20] Lazcoz et al. (2007) [180] Yang et al. (2004) [181]
GSTP1	Hyper-methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Gumy-Pause et al. (2012) [191]
CD44, RASSF1A, CASP8, PTEN, ZMYND10, CDH1, PRDM2	Methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Hoebeeck et al. (2009) [163]
SEMA3B	Methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Nair et al. (2007) [192]
PTEN, MGMT, MXI1, FGFR2	Methylated	Both	Tumor Progression	Poor	Unknown	Lazcoz et al. (2007) [193]
CD44 expressing CD44 not expressing	Unmethylated Hyper-methylated	Both Both	Tumor inhibition Tumor Progression	Good Poor	Unknown	Yan et al. (2003) [164]