Table 2.

Common zoonotic viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases.

Disease	Pathogen	Animal	Insect Vector	GAG-Binding Protein	Reference
VIRAL
AIDS	HIV Lentivirus	Chimps	None	GP-120	[15]
Bird flu	Influenza A H5N1	Waterfowl	None	-	-
Chikungunya	Alphavirus				[16]
Covid/MERS/SARS	Coronavirus	Bats, civets/camels	None	Spike glycoprotein	[11,12]
Dengue fever	Flavivirus	Monkeys	Mosquito	Envelope protein
Ebola	Filovirus	Bats	None	Filoviral glycoprotein	[17]
Encephalitis from ticks	Flavivirus		Tick	Envelope protein	[18]
Hendra	Hendra Henipavirus	Bats	None	Ephrin-B2 and -B3	[19]
Hepatitis E	Orthohepevirus HEV	Rats	None	ORF2 capsid protein	[20]
Japanese encephalitis	Flavivirus	Bats/pigs	Mosquitos
Louping ill	Flavivirus	Sheep	Tick	-	-
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	Arenavirus	Rodents	None	-	-
Mayaro	Alphavirus Togaviridae	Monkeys	Mosquitos		[21]
Nipah	Nipah Henipavirus	Bats	None	Ephrin-B2 and -B3	[19]
Orf infection	Para poxvirus	Sheep	None	-	-
Rabies	Lyssavirus	Bats		Attachment factor	[22]
Saint Louis encephalitis	Flavivirus
Swine flu	Virus, Influenza A H1N1	Swine	None	-	-
Venezuelan equine encephalitis	Alphavirus
West Nile virus	Flavivirus		Mosquitos	Envelope protein	[23]
Yellow fever	Flavivirus
Zika	Flavivirus	Monkeys	Mosquitos	Envelope protein	[24]
BACTERIAL
Anthrax	Bacillus anthracis	Hoofed animals	None	-	-
Bovine tuberculosis	Mycobacterium bovis	Cattle	None	Heparin-binding hemagglutinin	[25]
Brucellosis	Brucella sp.	Cows, goats, sheep	None	Unknown	[26]
Campylobacter infection	Campylobacter sp.		None	FliD protein	[27]
Cat scratch fever	Bartonella henselae	Cats	None	Pap31	[28]
Erysipeloid	Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae	Fish, birds, mammals	None	-	-
Glanders	Burkholderia mallei		None	-	-
Leptospirosis	Leptospira sp.	Cattle	None	LigB adhesin	[29]
Listeria infection	Listeria monocytogenes	Ruminants, sheep	None	Surface protein ActA	[30]
Lyme disease	Borrelia burgdorferi	Deer	Tick	OspF-related proteins, adhesion BBK32, adhesion DbpA	[31]
Parrot fever	Chlamydia psittaci	Parrots and other birds	None	Unknown	[32]
Pasteurellosis	Pasteurella multocida	Domestic animals	None	OmpA β-barrel ion channel protein	[33]
Plague	Yersinia pestis	Rats and rodents	Flea	Ail outer membrane protein	[34]
Q fever	Coxiella burnetii	Sheep, goats, cattle	None	-	-
Rocky Mountain spotted fever	Rickettsia rickettsii	Rodents, dogs	Tick	Unknown	[32]
Tularemia	Francisella tularensis	Rodents, rabbits	Tick or deerfly
Zoonotic diphtheria	Corynebacterium diphtheria	Dogs	None	-	-
FUNGAL
Ringworm	Tinea corporis	Domestic animal species	None	-	-
PARASITIC
Cryptosporidiosis	Cryptosporidium sp.	Calves and lambs	None	Mucin-like glycoprotein, CpClec	[35]
Giardiasis	Giardia lamblia	Domestic and wild mammals	None	Alpha-11 Giardin Annexin	[36]
Malaria	Plasmodium falciparum	Nonhuman primates	Mosquito	Circumsporozoite protein	[37]
Toxocariasis	Toxocara canis or T. cati	Dogs/Cats	None	-	-
Toxoplasmosis	Toxoplasma gondii	Cats	None	Protein of 104 kDa (P104) Microneme-2 (MIC2)	[38]
Trichinellosis	Trichinella sp.	Pigs	None	Unknown	[39]