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. 2021 Oct 11;144(2):020801. doi: 10.1115/1.4051765

Fig. 5.

Characterization of the vertical backward-facing step PPFC modification. (a) Schematic diagram of the vertical backward-facing step modification where δ is the vertical height of the step, h is the total height between plates, and L is the total length distal to the step. (b) Schematic of the flow patterns induced by the vertical backward-facing step. Distal to the step, four regions along the length of the chamber are formed: a, the stagnant area with impinging flow; b, the laminar recirculation eddy; c, the flow reattachment point; and d, fully developed laminar flow. (c) Wall shear stress characterization in each of the four regions along the lower plate of the chamber. No shear stress occurs within the stagnation area or reattachment point. Negative values correspond to fluid flowing back toward the step within the recirculation eddy in the retrograde direction.

Characterization of the vertical backward-facing step PPFC modification. (a) Schematic diagram of the vertical backward-facing step modification where δ is the vertical height of the step, h is the total height between plates, and L is the total length distal to the step. (b) Schematic of the flow patterns induced by the vertical backward-facing step. Distal to the step, four regions along the length of the chamber are formed: a, the stagnant area with impinging flow; b, the laminar recirculation eddy; c, the flow reattachment point; and d, fully developed laminar flow. (c) Wall shear stress characterization in each of the four regions along the lower plate of the chamber. No shear stress occurs within the stagnation area or reattachment point. Negative values correspond to fluid flowing back toward the step within the recirculation eddy in the retrograde direction.