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. 2021 Nov 29;129(11):117009. doi: 10.1289/EHP8109

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EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted.

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Figure 1 is a flowchart having fifteen steps. Step 1: 1,714 women screened for eligibility, excluding 300 which included 53 not pregnant, 22 twin gestations, 225 gestational age greater than 24 weeks leads to 1,414 Randomized. Step 2: 1,414 Randomized leads to 526 assigned to control group, 527 assigned to improved biomass group, and 361 assigned to Liquefied petroleum gas group. Step 3: 526 assigned to control group includes 487 mothers with at least 1 valid prenatal carbon monoxide measure and 52 mothers did not complete pregnancy follow-up, including 22 moved out of study area, 10 fetal losses less than 28 weeks, 17 stillbirth greater than or equal to 2 weeks, 1 death of participant, 1 withdrawal, and 1 other reason. Step 4: 527 assigned to improved biomass group includes 496 mothers with at least 1 valid prenatal carbon monoxide measure and 37 mothers did not complete pregnancy follow-up, including 8 moved out of study area, 11 fetal losses less than 28 weeks, 13 stillbirth greater than or equal to 28 weeks, 1 death of participant, 2 withdrawals, 1 detected gestational age greater than 24 weeks, 1 other reason. Step 5: 361 assigned to Liquefied petroleum gas group includes 339 mothers with at least 1 valid prenatal carbon monoxide measure and 22 mothers did not complete pregnancy follow-up, including 7 moved out of study area, 8 fetal losses less than 28 weeks, 6 stillbirth greater than or equal to 28 weeks, and 1 withdrawal. Step 6: 487 mothers with at least 1 valid prenatal carbon monoxide measure and 52 mothers did not complete pregnancy follow-up, including 22 moved out of study area, 10 fetal losses less than 28 weeks, 17 stillbirth greater than or equal to 2 weeks, 1 death of participant, 1 withdrawal, and 1 other reason lead to 475 live births. Step 7: 496 mothers with at least 1 valid prenatal carbon monoxide measure and 37 mothers did not complete pregnancy follow-up, including 8 moved out of study area, 11 fetal losses less than 28 weeks, 13 stillbirth greater than or equal to 28 weeks, 1 death of participant, 2 withdrawals, 1 detected gestational age greater than 24 weeks, 1 other reason lead to 491 live births. Step 8: 339 mothers with at least 1 valid prenatal carbon monoxide measure and 22 mothers did not complete pregnancy follow-up, including 7 moved out of study area, 8 fetal losses less than 28 weeks, 6 stillbirth greater than or equal to 28 weeks, and 1 withdrawal lead to 340 live births. Step 9: 475 live births include 11 children without follow-up, 6 neonatal deaths, 4 deaths later than 7 days, and 2 moved out of study area. Step 10: 491 live births include 8 children without follow-up, 4 neonatal deaths, 2 deaths later than 7 days, and 1 withdrawal. Step 11: 340 live births include 8 children without follow-up, 6 neonatal deaths, and 2 deaths later than 7 days. Step 12: 11 children without follow-up, 6 neonatal deaths, 4 deaths later than 7 days, and 2 moved out of study area lead to 414 children with at least 1 valid postnatal carbon monoxide measure. Step 13: 8 children without follow-up, 4 neonatal deaths, 2 deaths later than 7 days, and 1 withdrawal lead to 430 children with at least 1 valid postnatal carbon monoxide measure. Step 14: 8 children without follow-up, 6 neonatal deaths, and 2 deaths later than 7 days lead to 300 children with at least 1 valid postnatal carbon monoxide measure. Step 15: 414 children with at least 1 valid postnatal carbon monoxide measure, 430 children with at least 1 valid postnatal carbon monoxide measure, and 300 children with at least 1 valid postnatal carbon monoxide lead to Follow-up until child reached 12 months of age or end of surveillance in March 2016. — CONSORT diagram of mother–infant dyads in the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study. All mother–infant dyads with valid maternal prenatal and child postnatal CO had at least one valid anthropometric measure and were included in the growth trajectories construction. In the child follow-up section, the deaths of children at $greater than 7 days$ of age did not have any recorded fieldworker follow-up. Note: CO, carbon monoxide; LPG, liquified petroleum gas.