Table 4.

Associations between prenatal and postnatal particulate matter (${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$) and growth trajectories.

Trajectorya	$N$	Bivariate model				$N$	Multivariable modelb
		Prenatal		Postnatal			Prenatal		Postnatal
		$\text{OR}$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value	$\text{OR}$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value		$\text{OR}$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value	$\text{OR}$ (95% CI)	$p$-Value
Weight	358	0.99 (0.95, 1.04)	0.70	1.01 (0.94, 1.08)	0.83	358	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	0.78	1.02 (0.94, 1.11)	0.66
Length	358	1.06 (1.01, 1.12)	0.03	1.00 (0.92, 1.08)	0.97	358	1.07 (1.02, 1.13)	0.008	0.98 (0.91, 1.05)	0.53
Head circumference	358	1.02 (0.98, 1.07)	0.38	1.00 (0.95, 1.05)	0.91	358	1.03 (0.97, 1.08)	0.33	0.99 (0.93, 1.06)	0.81
MUAC	358	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	0.32	1.06 (1.00, 1.12)	0.06	358	1.02 (0.97, 1.07)	0.48	1.07 (1.00, 1.14)	0.046
Weight-for-length $z$-score	356	0.96 (0.92, 1.00)	0.07	1.06 (0.99, 1.14)	0.09	356	0.95 (0.91, 1.00)	0.06	1.09 (1.01, 1.19)	0.03
Length-for-age $z$-score	356	1.03 (0.98, 1.09)	0.21	0.98 (0.92, 1.05)	0.64	356	1.04 (1.00, 1.09)	0.08	0.97 (0.91, 1.03)	0.29
Weight-for-age $z$-score	356	1.00 (0.95, 1.05)	0.97	1.02 (0.95, 1.09)	0.65	356	1.00 (0.95, 1.05)	0.99	1.02 (0.95, 1.09)	0.57

Note: Per $10\text{-}{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase in ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure, all effects determined with cluster-robust standard errors in $N=358$. Analyses are ordinal regression where ORs may be interpreted as the odds of being in a lower/smaller trajectory per $10\text{-}{\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$ increase in ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure. CI, confidence interval; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, fine particulate matter (PM with an aerodynamic diameter of $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$).

^a All trajectories include four groups except length (3 groups) and head circumference (3 groups).

^b Multivariable models include both prenatal and postnatal ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ exposure and adjust for child sex, maternal age, ethnicity, wealth index.