Table 1.
Results of Studies with VR
| Study | Population | Procedure | Most relevant measurement | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bouchard et al. (2017a) | n= 59 Adults with social anxiety disorder | VRET | LSAS-SR, SPS, SIAS, FNE | Improvement on all outcome measures, maintained at 6 month-follow-up |
| Gebara et al. (2016) | n= 21 Patients with social phobia | VRET | LSAS, CGI, SF-36, SUDs, BDI, SAS, ATQ 30, DAS | General improvement, decreases in fear, anxiety and avoidance of social situations |
| Fowler et al. (2019) | n= 16 Veterans with kinesiophobia | VR distraction- to-exposure hierarchy | POC-VA, FDAQ, Pain Catastrophizing Scale | Improvements observed in interference with mobility and pain intensity |
| Miloff et al. (2019) | n= 100 Phobic patients | VRET | Behavioral approach test | Non-inferiority against gold standard was identified |
| Marco et al. (2013) | n= 34 Female patients with EDs | CBT + VR | BAT, BIATQ, BASS, SIBID, BITE, EAT | Improvement in all body image and psychopathological measures |
| Ferrer-Garcia, et al. (2019) | n= 58 Patients with EDs | VR assisted CET | Body Dissatisfaction, Drive for thinness, ED inventory-3, STAI, FCQ-T, FCQ-S | Overall improvement. Significative lower symptoms after 6 months follow-up |
| Beidel et al. (2019) | n= 92 Patients with PTSD | VRET + psychoeducation | CAPS, PCL-M, M-FAST, CGI, HAMD, HAMA, Self-Monitoring | Significant reduction in PTSD symptoms |
| Norr et al. (2018) | n= 162 Active duty U.S. army soldiers with PTSD | VRET + Prolonged Exposition (PE) | BDI-II, CAPS | Reduction in suicidal ideation and PTSD symptomatology |
| Dehghan et al. (2019) | n= 40 children with pre- operative anxiety | VRET | Yale preoperative Anxiety Scale questionnaire | Children in interventional group expressed lower anxiety in comparison with control group |
| Bouchard et al. (2017b) | Study 1: n= 28 Study 2: n= 34 Study 3: n= 25 Pathological gamblers | VR + CBT | LSAS-SR, SPS, SIAS, FNE, BDI-II | Significative reduction in craving and desire for gambling, but not superior to control treatment |
| du Sert et al. (2018) | n= 19 Patients with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective disorder | VR- assisted therapy | PSRATS, BAVQ-R, PANSS, BDI-II, Quality of life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form | Reduction of AVH symptoms and related distress. Reduction of general and depressive symptoms. Improvement in quality of life |
36-item short-form Health survey (SF-36), Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), Automatic thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ 30), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beliefs about voices questionnaire-revised (BAVQ-R), Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (BASS), Body Attitude Test (BAT), Body Image Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (BIATQ), Bulimic Investigatory Test Edimburgh (BITE), Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Cue Exposure therapies (CET), Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), Fear of Daily Activities Questionnaire (FDAQ), Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), Food craving Questionnaire trait (FCQ-T) and state (FCQ-S), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), Lievowitz Social Anxiety Scale Self-Administered Version (LSAS-SR), Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms (M-FAST), Pain Outcomes Questionnaire-VA (POC-VA), Positive and negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Psychotic symptoms rating scale (PSRATS), PTSD Checklist – Military Version (PCL-M), Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria (SIBID), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Social Phobia Scale (SPS), Spielberger Self-rating State-trait Anxiety Scale (SAS), Subjective Units of Discomfort (SUDs), and VR exposure therapy (VRET).