Table 2.
Results of Studies with Hallucinogenic Substances
| Study | Population | Procedure | Most relevant measurement | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| George et al. (2017) | n=16 Treatment resistant depression | Subcutaneous ketamine | MADRS | Improvement in depressive symptoms |
| Lapidus et al. (2014) | n= 20 Treatment-resistant depression | Intranasal ketamine | MADRS | Significant improvement in depressive symptoms within 24 hours |
| Bretas Bastos et al. (2012) | n= 80 Depressive patients selected for surgery | Epidural ketamine | HAMD | Improvement in the severity of depression |
| Sos et al. (2013) | n= 27 Depressive patients | Ketamine | MADRS | Induction of antidepressant effect |
| Krupitsky et al. (2002) | n=17 Detoxified heroin- addicted patients | Ketamine + psychotherapy | SIDI, ZDS, SAS, VASC, SA, HRS, MMPI, LCS, CTA, PLT, Spirituality Changes Scale | Significant reduction in craving, in components of anhedonia and state and trait anxiety. Significant increase in self-sufficiency. |
| Bogenschutz et al. (2015) | n= 10 Patients with alcohol dependence | Psilocybin + psychotherapy | POMS, AASE, PACS | Positive changes in mood and craving, improvement in self-efficacy |
| Carhart-Harris et al. (2017) | n=19 Patients with treatment resistant depression | Psilocybin | QIDS-16 | Rapid and sustained antidepressant effects |
| Carhart-Harris et al. (2018) | n=20 Patients with severe unipolar major depression | Psilocybin | QIDS-16 | Sustained antidepressant effects after 6 months |
| Griffiths et al. (2016) | n= 51 Anxious/ depressive patients with cancer | Psilocybin | STAI-T, HAMA, BDI, HAMD | Substantial and enduring decreases in anxiety and depression |
| Agin-Liebes et al. (2020) | n= 15 Patients with cancer and anxiety/depression | Psilocybin - assisted therapy | HADS, HADS-D, HADS-A, STAI, STAI-S, STAIT-T, DAS, HAI, DS, WHOQOL-BREF, FACIT- Sp-12, Persisting effects questionnaire | Large and lasting reductions in anxiety, depression, hopelessness, demoralization and death anxiety |
| Palhano-Fontes et al. (2019) | n= 29 Patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder | Ayahuasca | MADRS, HAMD | Rapid antidepressant effect, significant improvements in psychiatric scales |
| Mithoefer et al. (2018) | n=26 Patients with chronic PTSD | MDMA -assisted psychotherapy | CAPS-IV | Significant reductions in PTSD symptoms |
Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale (AASE), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale IV (CAPS-IV), Color Test of Attitudes (CTA), Demoralization Scale (DS), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS), Functional Assesment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-Sp-12), Hallucinogenic Rating Scale (HRS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), Hopelessness Assessment in Illness (HAI), Hospital depression and anxiety scale (HADS) for Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D), Locus of Control Scale (LCS), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Montgomery Asberg Depression rating scale (MADRS), Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Profile of Mood States (POMS), Purpose-in-Life-Test (PLT), Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR16), Scale of Anhedonia Syndrome (SA), Spielberger Self-rating State-trait Anxiety Scale (SAS), State trait anxiety inventory (STAI) for state (STAI-S) and anxiety (STAIT-T), Structured clinical Interview for Psychiatric Disorders (SIDI), Visual Analog Scale of Craving (VASC), World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF), and Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZDS).