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. 2021 Nov 29;9(12):927–937. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2021.10.002

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© 2021 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier.

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Central Illustration — Development of PASC With Possible Causes and How These can Be Classified Using CPET

Schematic showing the evolution of acute COVID to PASC and ME/CFS with possible underlying mechanisms and how CPET parameters may help to differentiate these mechanisms. COVID = coronavirus disease; CP = chest pain; CPET = cardiopulmonary exercise testing; ME/CFS = myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome; OUES = oxygen uptake efficiency slope; PASC = post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection; PHT = pulmonary hypertension; VD/VT = dead space to tidal volume ratio; VE/VCO₂ = ventilatory equivalent for CO₂ production; VO₂AT = oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold.