Appendix 1—figure 1. Steps for calibration of the mathematical model with clinical data.

First, checkpoint inhibitor response curves were extracted from the literature. In all cases, immunotherapy treatment began at time t = 0. Second, a tumor-specific proliferation constant (α) was determined for each cancer type by fitting exponential function ($e^{\alpha t}$ to fastest progressing patient in each clinical trial [red line]). Third, individual patient response data were fit to Equation (1) by using the respective α to determine Λ and µ. Λ and µ values were then with compared in patients with partial/complete response versus patients with stable/progressive disease after immunotherapy by using the RECIST v1.1 criteria.