1. Primary outcome details.
| Comparison | Study ID | Disease type | Disease activity | Length of intervention | Measurement of pain | Number of randomised participants |
| Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet | Cox 2020 | CD/IBD | Inactive | 4 weeks | Pain frequency and intensity: IBS‐SSS for pain rating scale 0 to 100, GSRS rating scale 0 to 3 |
52 (IG: 27; CG: 25) |
| Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet | Tapete 2018 | IBD | Inactive | 6 to 8 weeks | Pain intensity: VAS rating scale 0 to 10 cm |
30 (IG: 10; CG: 20) |
| Low FODMAP diet vs high FODMAP/normal diet | Tapete 2019 | IBD | Inactive | 8 weeks cross‐over (4 weeks x 2) | Pain intensity: VAS rating scale 0 to 10 cm |
50 (IG: 25; CG: 25) |
| Medicine‐separated moxibustion combined with acupuncture vs wheat bran‐separated moxibustion combined with shallow acupuncture | Bao 2016 | CD | Mild to moderate | 12 weeks | Pain frequency and intensity: Traditional Chinese Medicine rating scale 0 to 3 |
102 (IG: 51; CG: 51) |
| Mindfulness with CBT + standard medical therapy vs standard medical therapy | Berrill 2014 | IBD | Inactive | 12 months | Pain frequency and severity of abdominal discomfort, severity of abdominal bloating, satisfaction with bowel habit, and impact of symptoms on life in general. Each domain is scored 0 to 100, and an overall score of 0 to 500 is obtained. | 66 (IG: 33; CG: 33) |
| Soft non‐manipulative osteopathic vs no intervention | Espi Lopez 2018 | CD | Unclear | 30 days | Pain intensity: VAS rating scale 0 to 10 cm |
30 (IG: 16; CG: 14) |
| Stress management vs self‐directed stress management vs standard treatment | Garcia‐Vega 2004 | CD | Inactive | 8 weeks | Pain intensity: rating scale 1 to 3 and author formulas |
45 (IG1: 15; IG2: 15; CG: 15) |
| Enteric‐release glyceryl trinitrate vs placebo | Hawkes 2001 | CD | Moderate to severe | 12 weeks | Pain intensity: rating scale 0 to 3 |
70 (IG: 34; CG: 36) |
| 100 mg olorinab 3 times/day vs 25 mg olorinab 3 times/day | Higgins 2019 | CD | Inactive to mild | 8 weeks | Pain intensity: AAPS of 0‐to‐10 Likert scale |
14 (IG: 8; CG: 6) |
| Relaxation training vs waitlist | Mizrahi 2012 | IBD | Active | 5 weeks | Pain intensity: VAS rating scale 0 to 10 cm |
56 (IG: 28; CG: 28) |
| Web‐based education vs standard book‐based education | Ozgursoy Uran 2019 | IBD | Mix of active and inactive | 8 weeks | Pain intensity: VAS rating scale 0 to 10 cm |
60 (IG: 10; CG: 10) |
| Yoga intervention + standard medical therapy vs standard medical therapy | Sharma 2015 | IBD | Inactive | 8 weeks | Presence or absence of pain | 100 (IG: 50; CG: 50) |
| Transcranial direct current stimulation vs sham stimulation | Volz 2016 | IBD | Active | 5 days | Pain intensity: Pressure Pain Threshold taken with algometer, VAS rating scale 0 to 10 cm |
20 (IG: 10; CG: 10) |
| Kefir diet (Lactobacillus bacteria) vs no intervention | Yilmaz 2019 | CD/IBD | Inactive to moderate | 4 weeks | Pain intensity: rating scale 0 to 3 |
48 (IG: 28; CG: 20) |
AAPS: average abdominal pain score
CBT: cognitive behavioural therapy
CD: Crohn's disease
CG: control group
FODMAP: fermentable oligo‐, di‐, monosaccharides and polyols
IG: intervention group
GSRS: Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale
IBD: inflammatory bowel disease
IBS‐SSS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System
VAS: visual analogue scale