Table 1.
Characteristics of 22 857 participants stratified by sex
| Characteristic | Female (n = 15 484) | All (− 7.91 to 5.84) (n = 7 373) | Male (n = 7 373) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (− 9.20 to 3.79) (n = 15 484) | Distal BMD T-score (in categories) | Distal BMD T-score (in categories) | ||||||
| Normal (≥ − 1.0) (n = 7 946) | Osteopenia (− 1.0 to − 2.5) (n = 3 677) | Osteoporosis (≤ − 2.5) (n = 3 861) | Normal (≥ − 1.0) (n = 5 613) | Osteopenia (− 1.0 to − 2.5) (n = 1 346) | Osteoporosis (≤ − 2.5) (n = 414) | |||
| At baseline [mean ± SD or n (%)] | ||||||||
| BMD T-score | − 1.28 ± 1.82 | 0.14 ± 0.80 | − 1.68 ± 0.43 | − 3.8 ± 0.98 | 0.002 ± 1.65 | 0.65 ± 1.21 | − 1.58 ± 0.42 | − 3.63 ± 1.04 |
| BMD | 0.45 ± 0.08 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.62 ± 0.05 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.05 |
| Fractures | 3 100 (20.0) | 972 (12.2) | 805 (21.9) | 1 323 (34.3) | 1 290 (17.5) | 913 (16.3) | 293 (21.8) | 84 (20.3) |
| Missing | 623 (4.0) | 148 (1.9) | 169 (4.6) | 306 (7.9) | 215 (2.9) | 134 (2.4) | 41 (3.1) | 40 (9.7) |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Never | 7 443 (48.1) | 3 405 (42.8) | 1 813 (49.3) | 2 225 (57.6) | 2 686 (36.4) | 2 235 (39.8) | 385 (28.6) | 66 (15.9) |
| Former | 3 337 (21.5) | 1 837 (23.1) | 802 (21.8) | 698 (18.1) | 2 205 (29.9) | 1 600 (28.5) | 436 (32.4) | 169 (40.8) |
| Current | 4 350 (28.1) | 2 627 (33.1) | 973 (26.5) | 750 (19.4) | 2 400 (32.6) | 1 728 (30.8) | 504 (37.4) | 168 (40.6) |
| Missing | 354 (2.3) | 77 (1.0) | 89 (2.4) | 188 (4.9) | 82 (1.1) | 50 (0.9) | 21 (1.6) | 11 (2.7) |
| Education | ||||||||
| < 10y | 6 420 (41.5) | 2 186 (27.5) | 1 743 (47.4) | 2 491 (64.5) | 1 940 (26.3) | 1 310 (23.3) | 433 (32.2) | 197 (47.6) |
| 10–12y | 5 466 (35.3) | 3 676 (46.3) | 1 134 (30.8) | 656 (17.0) | 3 870 (52.5) | 3 142 (56.0) | 600 (44.6) | 128 (30.9) |
| > 12y | 2 632 (17.0) | 1 848 (23.3) | 576 (15.7) | 208 (5.4) | 1 349 (18.3) | 1 051 (18.7) | 260 (19.3) | 38 (9.2) |
| Missing | 966 (6.2) | 236 (2.9) | 224 (6.1) | 506 (13.1) | 214 (2.9) | 110 (2.0) | 53 (3.9) | 51 (12.3) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| Inactive | 2 838 (18.3) | 1 350 (17.0) | 652 (17.7) | 836 (21.6) | 1 283 (17.4) | 958 (17.1) | 244 (18.0) | 81 (19.6) |
| Low | 4 227 (27.3) | 2 268 (28.5) | 1 059 (28.8) | 900 (23.3) | 1 605 (21.8) | 1 212 (21.6) | 312 (23.2) | 81 (19.6) |
| Medium | 5 208 (33.6) | 3 973 (37.4) | 1 231 (33.5) | 1 004 (26.0) | 2 489 (33.7) | 1 906 (33.9) | 456 (33.9) | 127 (30.7) |
| High | 849 (5.5) | 624 (7.9) | 157 (4.3) | 68 (1.8) | 1 008 (13.7) | 826 (14.7) | 155 (11.5) | 27 (6.5) |
| Missing | 2 362 (15.3) | 731 (9.2) | 578 (15.7) | 1 053 (27.3) | 988 (13.4) | 711 (12.7) | 179 (13.3) | 98 (23.6) |
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| Abstainers | 7 532 (48.6) | 3 943 (37.0) | 1 931 (52.5) | 2 658 (68.8) | 1 713 (23.2) | 1 179 (21.0) | 357 (26.5) | 177 (42.7) |
| Light | 6 527 (42.2) | 4 239 (53.4) | 1 430 (38.9) | 858 (22.2) | 3 708 (50.3) | 2 895 (51.6) | 656 (48.8) | 157 (37.9) |
| Moderate/Heavy | 982 (6.3) | 666 (8.4) | 209 (5.7) | 107 (2.8) | 1 822 (24.7) | 1 478 (26.3) | 298 (22.1) | 46 (11.3) |
| Missing | 443 (2.9) | 98 (1.2) | 107 (2.9) | 238 (6.2) | 130 (1.8) | 61 (1.1) | 35 (2.6) | 34 (8.1) |
| Age (y) | 53.25 ± 17.50 | 43.04 ± 13.60 | 56.58 ± 15.52 | 71.06 ± 8.61 | 45.81 ± 15.55 | 42.91 ± 13.62 | 51.02 ± 16.94 | 68.12 ± 12.55 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.71 ± 4.69 | 26.66 ± 4.86 | 26.90 ± 4.75 | 26.64 ± 4.27 | 26.76 ± 3.83 | 27.01 ± 3.77 | 26.10 ± 3.89 | 25.46 ± 3.98 |
| Missing | 63 (0.4) | 18 (0.2) | 14 (0.4) | 31 (0.8) | 18 (0.2) | 7 (0.1) | 6 (0.4) | 5 (1.2) |
| Estrogen usea | 3 061 (19.8) | 1 562 (19.7) | 882 (24.0) | 617 (16.0) | – | – | – | – |
| Missing | 4 050 (26.2) | 2 048 (25.8) | 836 (22.7) | 1 166 (30.2) | – | – | – | – |
| Postmenopausea | 10 013 (64.7) | 3 943 (49.6) | 2 804 (76.3) | 3 266 (84.6) | – | – | – | – |
| Missing | 2 327 (15.0) | 1 530 (19.3) | 383 (10.4) | 414 (10.7) | – | – | – | – |
| At follow-up [n (%)] | ||||||||
| Any CVD | 2 093 (13.5) | 500 (6.3) | 563 (15.3) | 1 030 (26.7) | 835 (11.3) | 523 (9.3) | 214 (15.9) | 98 (23.7) |
| AF | 670 (4.3) | 211 (2.7) | 184 (5.0) | 275 (7.1) | 350 (4.8) | 248 (4.4) | 74 (5.5) | 28 (6.8) |
| Ischemic stroke | 1 042 (6.7) | 232 (2.9) | 293 (8.0) | 517 (13.4) | 347 (4.7) | 211 (3.8) | 90 (6.7) | 46 (11.1) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 192 (1.2) | 46 (0.6) | 51 (1.4) | 95 (2.5) | 72 (1.0) | 41 (0.7) | 19 (1.4) | 12 (2.9) |
| AMI | 772 (5.0) | 196 (2.5) | 198 (5.4) | 378 (9.8) | 400 (5.4) | 254 (4.5) | 102 (7.6) | 44 (10.6) |
| HF | 349 (2.3) | 79 (1.0) | 93 (2.5) | 177 (4.6) | 115 (1.6) | 72 (1.3) | 31 (2.3) | 12 (2.9) |
SD (standard deviation), BMD (bone mineral density), BMI (body mass index), CVD (cardiovascular disease), AF (atrial fibrillation), AMI (acute myocardial infarction), HF (heart failure)
aPercentage expressed among women only