Table 2.
Associations between distal forearm bone mineral density T-score and the risk of cardiovascular disease stratified by sex
| Any CVD (n = 2928) | AF (n = 1 020) | AMI (n = 1172) | Ischemic stroke (n = 1389) | Hemorrhagic stroke (n = 264) | HF (n = 464) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female (n = 15,484) | ||||||
| No. of cases (%) | 2 093 (13.5) | 670 (4.3) | 772 (5.0) | 1 042 (6.7) | 192 (1.2) | 349 (2.3) |
| Model 1 | 0.99 (0.97–1.03) | 0.96 (0.92–1.02) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 1.02 (0.97–1.06) | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) |
| Model 2 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) |
| Model 3 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) |
| E-value (CI) for Model 3 | 1.09 (1.00) | 1.05 (1.00) | 1.12 (1.00) | 1.19 (1.00) | 1.28 (1.00) | 1.15 (1.00) |
| Male (n = 7 373) | ||||||
| No. of cases (%) | 835 (11.3) | 248 (4.8) | 400 (5.4) | 347 (4.7) | 72 (1.0) | 115 (1.6) |
| Model 1 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) |
| Model 2 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.12 (0.96–1.32) | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) |
| E-value (CI) for Model 2 | 1.13 (1.00) | 1.30 (1.00) | 1.25 (1.00) | 1.21 (1.00) | 1.49 (1.00) | 1.22 (1.00) |
BMD (bone mineral density), BMI (body mass index), CVD (cardiovascular disease), AF (atrial fibrillation), AMI (acute myocardial infarction), HF (heart failure)
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived from Cox proportional hazards models
Model 1 adjusted for age, age-squared
Model 2 adjusted for age, age-squared, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, and education level
Model 3 (female only) adjusted for model 2 and estrogen use and postmenopause
Hazard ratios for 1 unit decrease in distal bone mineral density T-score