Table 1.
Clinical and demographic information of patients included in this study.
| Pt No. | Sex | Age (yr) | Handedness | Age at Onset (yr) | Epilepsy Duration (yr) | Seizure Frequency | No. of ASMs | Brain MRIa | IEDs | SEEG-detected SOZ | Surgical Approach | Pathologyb | Surgical Outcomec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||
| 1 | F | 23 | R | 17 | 6 | Few times/ week | 3 | L TO CD | L FT/TP | L Basomesial T | L T Lobectomy | FCDI | ILAE-1 |
| 2 | M | 26 | R | 10 | 16 | 2–3/ week | 5 | NL | L T/FT | L Mesiobasal FT | NA | NA | NA |
| 3 | M | 53 | R | 48 | 5 | 2–4/ week | 4 | NL | NA | L T Pole + Amy | L ATL sparing Hip | FCD IB | ILAE-1 |
| 4 | M | 56 | R | 5 | 51 | Daily | 3 | Bi PNH | L TPO | L mesial T Nodule | Nodule ablation | NA | ILAE-1 |
| 5 | F | 56 | R | 36 | 20 | Daily | 3 | NL | L TP/R T | L Mesial T | L ATL | FCD I | ILAE-5 |
| 6 | M | 45 | R | 37 | 8 | 1/ week | 2 | R PNH | NA | R PNH + Hip + Amy | Nodule ablation | NA | ILAE-1 |
| 7 | M | 17 | R | 2 | 15 | Few times/ week | 3 | NL | L CP | L Mesial P | L mesial P corticectomy | FCD IIA | ILAE-4 |
| 8 | M | 39 | R | 11 | 28 | Daily | 1 | NL | NA | L anterior In + ACC | NA | NA | NA |
| 9 | F | 16 | R | 8 | 8 | 1–2/ month | 2 | Bi PNH | Bi TP | R PNH + Hip + Amy | R ATL | Heterotopia | follow-up < 1 yr |
| 10 | M | 32 | R | 7 | 25 | 2–3/ week. | 3 | NL | NA | R superior T Gyrus | R lateral T corticectomy | FCD IC | ILAE-1 |
| 11 | F | 17 | R | 1 | 16 | Daily | 3 | R In EM | NA | R orF | R orF corticectomy | FCD IIB | ILAE-1 |
| 12 | M | 18 | R | 6 | 12 | 1 cluster/ month | 1 | R PNH | R FP | R FT including PNH | Nodule ablation followed by R FT lobectomy | Heterotopia + FCD IB | follow-up < 1 yr |
| 13 | F | 43 | L | 2 | 41 | Daily | 3 | NL | Bi FT | L orF | L orF corticectomy | FCD IB | follow-up < 1 yr |
| 14 | F | 18 | R | 9 | 9 | Few times/ week | 3 | NL | NA | R In | R In ablation | NA | follow-up < 1 yr |
| 15 | M | 25 | R | 20 | 5 | Few times/ month | 3 | Bi PNH | R FT/L F | R PNH + lateral T + Pop | Nodule ablation | NA | follow-up < 1 yr |
| 16 | M | 14 | R | 10 | 4 | Daily | 2 | R P EM | R H/R CP | R mesial precuneus | R mesial P corticectomy | FCD IIA | follow-up < 1 yr |
| 17 | F | 16 | R | 5 | 11 | Daily | 2 | NL | R H | R lateral FP | NA | NA | NA |
| 18 | M | 24 | R | 12 | 12 | 1/ 1–2 week | 3 | Bi PNH | Bi TPO | L Amy + R basal T including PNH | Nodule ablation | NA | follow-up < 1 yr |
| 19 | M | 21 | L | 16 | 5 | Few times/ week | 4 | Bi PNH | NA | R PNH + Hip + Amy | R ATL | Heterotopia + FCD IB | follow-up < 1 yr |
MRI findings were defined by official radiological report.
Pathology were classified based on the ILAE 2016 recommendation of neuropathologic workup of epilepsy surgery brain tissue and the ILAE 2011 FCD classification guidelines.
Surgical outcome was defined by the ILAE classifications in patients with > 1 year postoperative follow-up.
Pt No.= patient number; yr= years; No. of ASMs = number of antiseizure medications; MRI= magnetic resonance image; IEDs = interictal epileptiform discharges on scalp EEG; SEEG= Stereo-electroencephalography; SOZ= seizure onset zone; F= female; M= male; R= right; L= left; TO= temporooccipital; CD= cortical dysplasia; FT= frontotemporal; TP= temporoparietal; T= temporal; FCD= Focal cortical dysplasia; ILAE= international league against epilepsy; NL= non-lesional; NA= not available; Amy= amygdala; ATL= anterior temporal lobectomy; Hip= hippocampus; TPO= temporo-parieto-occipital; Bi= bilateral; PNH= periventricular nodular heterotopia; CP= centroparietal; P= parietal; In= insula; ACC= anterior cingulate cortex; EM= encephalomalacia; orF= orbital frontal; FP= frontoparietal; F= frontal; Pop = parietal operculum; H= hemisphere.