Table 1.
Characteristics of anti-oxidative vitamins’ effects on lipid profiles in meta-analysis of clinical trials
| Study | anti-oxidative vitamin/Control | meta-analyzed studies (n)/ disorders | Participants | Intervention | Main outcome | Effective dose | Quality assessment | AMSTAR score | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size (n) | Age (yr) | Sex | Dose/Frequency | Duration (w) | |||||||
| Vitamin D | |||||||||||
| Wang et al. 2012 [19] | Vit. D / placebo | 12/ Healthy, obese, T2DM overweight | 1346 | 18–80 | both | 300–3332 IU /d | 6–48 | ↑sig. TC (3.23, 95%CI: 0.55, 5.9) non-sig effect on others | NR | Yes | 10 |
| Manousopoulou et al. 2015 [20] | Vit. D/ placebo | 8/ obesity | 4827 | 26–67 | both | 1000—7000 IU/d; 20,000—50,000 IU/ w; 120,000 IU fortnightly | 6 –192 |
↑sig. LDL-C (0.77, 95% CI: 2.71, 23.59) non-sig effect on others |
NR | Yes | 11 |
| Jafari et al. 2016 [22] | Vit. D/ placebo | 17/T2DM | 1365 | UN | both | 1000—7000 IU/d | 8 – 192 |
↓ sig. TG (-3.74, 95% CI: -7.13, -0.34), ↓ sig. LDL-C (-2.55, 95% CI: -4.83, -0.26) non-sig effect on others |
≤ 2000 IU/d | Yes | 9 |
| Tabrizi et al. 2017 [23] | Vit. D/ placebo | 7/ NAFLD | 452 | 18–75 | both | 1000 IU/d-50000 IU/w | 10–12 | non-sig change | NR | Yes | 10 |
| Xu et al. 2017 [24] | Vit. D/ placebo | 6/ PCOS | 156 | 18–30 | F | 400 IU/d-50000 IU/w | 3–24 |
↓ sig. TG (-38.09, 95% CI: -17.72, -57.57) non-sig effect on LDL-C |
< 50000 IU once weekly | Yes | 10 |
| Mirhosseiniet al. 2018 [39] | Vit D3/placebo | 38/ Healthy, T2DM, overweight, obese, PCOS, hypercholesteremia | 4734 | 22–72 | both | 400–12,000 IU/d | 12–240 |
↓ sig. TC (-5.8, 95% CI: -9.667, -1.546) ↓ sig. LDL-C (-3.867, 95% CI:-7.734, -0.116) ↓ sig. TG (-4.64, 95% CI: -8.89, -0.12) ↑ sig. HDL-C (3.48, 95% CI: 0.00, 6.57) |
< 4000 IU/d for TC, and HDL-C | Yes | 9 |
| Swart et al. 2018 [25] | Vit. D/ placebo | 12/obese, prediabetes, osteoporotic | 2994 | 20- > 70 | both | 200 IU/d-40000 IU/w | 16–48 | ↓ sig. LDL-C by different serum level of Vit D:(-3.87, 95% CI: − 7.73, − 0.00) by Vit D < 75 nmol/l | NR | Yes | 9 |
| Dibaba et al. 2019 [27] | Vit. D/ placebo | 41/ healthy, obese or overweight | 3434 | ≥ 18 | both | 20–8570 IU/d | 8–144 |
↓ sig. TC (-6.57, 95% CI: –10.83, –2.32) ↓ sig. LDL-C (-4.64, 95% CI: -8.89, –0.39) ↓ sig. TG (-13.29, 95% CI: –21.26, –5.31) non-sig effect on HDL-C |
NR | Yes | 9 |
| Gasparri et al. 2019 [28] | Vit. D-fortified yogurt /non-fortified yogurt | 5/ T2DM, prediabetes, MetS | 469 | ≥ 18 | both | 400 -2000 IU/d | 8 -16 |
↓ sig. TC (-13.38, 95% CI: − 20.19, − 6.56) ↓ sig. LDL-C (-7.86, 95% CI: − 15.35, − 0.37) ↓ sig. TG (-30.12, 95% CI: − 43.22, − 17.02) |
NR | Yes | 10 |
| Ostadmohammadi et al. 2019 [29] | Vit. D/Placebo | 8/CAD | 630 | 46–78 | both | 50000 IU/ 2w | 8–36 | ↑sig. HDL-C: (3.08; 95% CI: 1.42, 4.73) non-sig effect on others | NR | Yes | 9 |
| Milajerdi et al. 2019 [30] | Vit D3/placebo | 17/ CKD | 1781 | 18–78 | both | 0.03–0.5 mcg/d calcitriol, 40,000–300,000 IU/w in different times | 3–52 |
↓sig. TG: (− 32.52; 95% CI: − 57.57, − 7.47), ↓sig. TC: (− 7.93; 95% CI: − 13.03, − 2.83), non-sig effect on others |
NR | Yes | 11 |
| AlAnouti et al. 2020 [32] | Vit. D/ placebo | 4/ MetS | 232 | > 18 | both | 2000 IU/d-50000 IU/w | 8—48 |
↑sig. TG (30.67, 95% CI: 4.89, 56.45) non-sig effect on others |
NR | Yes | 11 |
| Guo et al. 2020 [34] | Vit. D/ placebo | 10/ NAFLD | 544 | 25–65 | both | 1000 IU/d-50000 IU/w | 10–48 | non-sig change | NR | Yes | 10 |
| Hauger et al. 2020 [35] | Vit. D/ placebo | 14/obese, overweight, normal weight children, adolescents | 1088 | 4–19 | both | 10–125 µg/d, 1250–7500 µg/w | 4–26 |
↑sig. LDL-C (4.25, 95% CI: 0.77, 7.73) |
NR | Yes | 11 |
| Jin et al. 2020 [13] | Vit. D/ placebo | 8/PCOS | 467 | UN | F | 2500–12,000 IU/d | 8–24 |
↓ sig. TG (-11.88, 95% CI: - 17.03, -6.73) ↓ sig. TC (-9.09, 95% CI: - 14.90, -3.29) ↓ sig. LDL-C (-5.22, 95% CI:- 10.32, -0.13) ↓ sig. VLDL-C (-2.43, 95% CI:- 3.69, -1.17) non-sig effect on HDL-C |
< 4000 IU/d for TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C | Yes | 11 |
| Miao et al. 2020 [37] | Vit. D/ placebo | 11/PCOS | 285 | 18–40 | F | 400 IU/d- 50,000 IU/w | 8–24 |
↓ sig. TC (-11.90, 95% CI: -15.67 to -8.13) ↓ sig. LDL-C (-4.54, 95% CI:-7.29 to -1.80) non-sig effect on others |
NR | Yes | 10 |
| Vitamin C | |||||||||||
| McRae et al. 2008 [18] | Vit. C/ placebo | 13/ hypercholesterolemia | 549 | 48–82 | both | 500–2000 mg/d | 3–24 |
↓ sig. LDL-C (-7.9, 95% CI: -12.3, -3.5) ↓ sig. TG (-20.1, 95% CI: -33.3, -6.8) non-sig effect on HDL-C |
NR | Yes | 7 |
| Ashor et al. 2016 [21] | Vit. C/ placebo | 40/ healthy, T2DM, CKD, HTN, CAD, hyperlipidemia | 1981 | 20–81 | both | 125–4500 mg/d | 2–240 |
No significant change in lipid profile ↓sig. TC/↓sig. TG in subgroup (TC serum > 205 mg/dl: (-11.6, 95%CI: -19.72, -3.48), TG (-15.06, 95%CI: -26.57, -4.43) |
NR | Yes | 11 |
| Vitamin E | |||||||||||
| Huang et al. 2015 [17] | Vit E-coated dialyzer/ non-Vit. E coated | 3/ hemodialysis patients | 111 | 39–75 | both | NR | 6–10 | non-sig change | NR | Yes | 11 |
| Zuo et al. 2020 [38] | Tocotrienols (Vit. E family) / placebo | 15/healthy, DM, fatty liver, MetS, hyperlipidemia, other disorders | 931 | > 18 | both | 50—600 mg/d | 4–72 | ↑sig. HDL-C: (5.65, 95% CI: 2.55, 8.7), non-sig. effect on others | ↓sig. TG and ↑sig. HDL-C in doses ≥ 200 mg/d | Yes | 9 |
| Combination | |||||||||||
| Chen et al. 2017 [14] | Vit D + calcium/placebo | 9/ Healthy, overweight, T2DM | 2336 | 20–73 | both | Dietary calcium + 125 IU/d-50000 IU/w Vit D | 2–240 | non-sig change | NR | Yes | 10 |
| Asbaghi et al. 2019 [26] | Omega-3 FAs + Vit. E/ placebo | 5/ metabolic disorders, overweight | 254 | 24–65 | both | Vit. E 400 IU/d, Omega-3 400–1800 mg/d | 8–12 |
↓ sig. LDL-C (-8.07, 95% CI:-15.10, -1.05) ↓ sig. TG (-28.34, 95% CI: -37.44, -19.22) non-sig effect on others |
NR | Yes | 10 |
| Sepidarkish et al. 2019 [31] | Omega-3 FAs + Vit. E/ placebo | 9/ healthy, GDM, T2DM, PCOS, hemodialysis patients, CVDs | 640 | 19–76 | both | 1000–4000 mg FAS + 400 IU Vit. E/d | 6–13 | ↓sig. VLDL-C: (-2.96, 95%CI: -5.84, -0.09), non-sig. effect on others | NR | Yes | 9 |
| Dehbalaei et al. 2020 [33] | Mg + Vit. E/ placebo | 4/ DF, PCOS, GDM | 237 | 25–58 | both | Mg 250 mg/d, Vit. E 400 IU/d | 6 -12 |
↓ sig. TC (-15.89, 95% CI: -24.39, -7.39) ↓ sig. LDL-C (-11.37, 95% CI:-19.32,-3.41) ↓ sig. TG (-26.97, 95% CI: -46.03,-7.90) non-sig effect on HDL-C |
Mg 250 mg/d, Vit. E 400 IU/d | Yes | 9 |
| Jiang et al. 2020 [36] | Omega-3 FAs + Vit.(D, E)/ placebo | 5/GDM, prediabetes | 334 | 25–55 | F | 1000–2000 mg omega-3/ 400 IU vit. E/ 50,000 IU vit. D every 2w | 6–8 |
↓ sig. TG (-28.29, 95% CI: -38.94, -17.64) non-sig effect on others |
NR | Yes | 10 |
Legend: Vit. vitamin, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus, MetS Metabolic syndrome, DF diabetic foot, Fas Fatty acids, CKD Chronic kidney disease, CVDs Cardiovascular diseases, CAD Coronary artery disease, Mg Magnesium, NR Not reported, NA Not access, F Female, d Day, w week