Fig. 1. Body weight and metabolic parameters of F1 males with paternal inflammation.

Male mice were treated with LPS (Inf) or saline (Con) once every other day for a total of four injections in 7 days to establish an inflammatory model. These mice were then allowed to mate with normal females for two days. a Growth curves for F1 male offspring from Con- and Inf- fathers. Statistical analysis was performed by a MIXED procedure for repeated measures. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01. b Body weight of male offspring at 15 weeks of age. c–e Blood glucose by GTT at 13 weeks (c), ITT at 14 weeks (d), and PTT at 15 weeks (e) of age. In (c, d) and (e), n = 7 mice per group. AUC, area under the curve. ^*P < 0.05; ^***P < 0.001; ^****P < 0.0001. f Ratio of fat-to-muscle weight of male offspring at 15 weeks of age. g, h Representative images showing adipocyte area in perigonadal fat of Con F1 (g) and Inf F1 (h) male mice. n = 5 mice per group. Scale bar = 100 μm. i Treadmill test results of male offspring at 12 weeks of age. In (b, f) and (i), n = 14 in Con and n = 15 in Inf. Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (b, f, i), by two-tailed, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), uncorrected Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) (c–e). Data are show as mean ± SEM. j, k Representative images showing cryosections of gastrocnemius muscle (cross sections) from Con F1 (j) and Inf F1 (k) mice stained with antibodies against GLUT4 (red) and DAPI (blue). n = 5 mice per group. Scale bar = 50 μm. l The top ten significant clusters of gene ontology (KEGG) terms enriched in gastrocnemius muscle samples of Con F1 and Inf F1 male offspring determined by GSEA and clustered under parent terms were related to synaptic signaling (n = 4, NES > | 1.5| and FDR < 0.05). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.