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. 2021 Nov 29;11:23080. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-01660-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of uremic serum incubation with different membrane materials. The serum collected from HD patients was added to an Eppendorf tube containing a small sample of membrane material (in green). The interaction took place for 30 min after which the membrane sample was removed and the serum analyzed based on fluorescence response (BioRender—GP22PBN2KN).