Table 2.

Results of subgroup analysis

Category	Subgroup	Studies (f)	N	Combined correlation (95% IC)	p value
Age	Adolescent	12	6656	− 0.52 [− 0.59; − 0.45]
	Young adults	19	19669	− 0.44 [− 0.48; − 0.39]
	Total	31			0.046
Continent	America	9	2836	− 0.49 [− 0.53; − 0.44]
	Asia	13	11730	− 0.43 [− 0.51; − 0.36]
	Europa	7	11189	− 0.47 [− 0.56; − 0.37]
	Oceania	2	570	− 0.60 [− 0.70; − 0.47]
	Total	31			0.178
Context	Academic	27	23680	− 0.48 [− 0.52; − 0.43]
	General Population	4	2645	− 0.41 [− 0.55; − 0.26]
	Total	30			0.407
Measure of depression	BDI	4	2277	− 0.40 [− 0.55; − 0.24]
	BD− II	3	1148	− 0.48 [− 0.58; − 0.36]
	BSI	2	1164	− 0.40 [− 0.46; − 0.34]
	CDI	2	326	− 0.54 [− 0.66; − 0.40]
	CES− D	9	9257	− 0.51 [− 0.57; − 0.44]
	DASS	2	8521	− 0.43 [− 0.62; − 0.18]
	HADS	2	827	− 0.40 [− 0.62; − 0.13]
	SDS	2	1735	− 0.34 [− 0.44; − 0.23]
	Total	25			0.088

BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory–II, BSI Brief Symptom Inventory, CDI Children’s Depression Inventory, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CI confidence interval, DASS Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SDS Self-Rating Depression Scale