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. 2021 Aug 13;14(6):583–596. doi: 10.1007/s12195-021-00693-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cohort 1, 2D-scatter diagrams different HF biomarkers vs. lipase for the Controls (blue) and HF (red) patients along with the marginal distributions for: (a) BNP vs. lipase, (b) TNF-α, (c) CRP, (d) neutrophil count, and (e) Isoproterenol Response. Compared to the Control group, the average elevation of lipase in the HF group was accompanied by a significant elevation of (a) BNP (large blue and red dot represents mean of the Control and the HF group, respectively) (p < 0.0001, Hotelling T²-test), (b) TNF-α (p < 0.0001, Hotelling T²-test), (c) CRP (p < 0.0001, Hotelling T²-test), (d) neutrophil count (p < 0.0001, Hotelling T²-test), and (e) depression of Isoproterenol Response (p < 0.0001, Hotelling T²-test). All Control marginal distributions were different from the corresponding HF distributions (p < 0.0001, KS-test).