FIGURE 1.

Location of emergency department sites that were selected to participate in CTN 0099 ED‐INNOVATION (n = 33). Sites that submitted protocols and were selected to participate in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (NIDA CTN) 0099 Emergency Department‐INitiated BupreNOrphine VAlidaTION Trial Network (ED‐INNOVATION) study are indicated by blue circles (n = 33). The 33 sites represented 22 states; overlapping circles include 2 in California, 2 in Illinois, 2 in Michigan, 2 in New Mexico, 3 in Pennsylvania, and 2 in Washington. Abbreviations: BUP, buprenorphine; COWS, Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale; ED, emergency department; OUD, opioid use disorder