TABLE 1—
Prevalence of Leave Length After Delivery Among Women With a Recent Live Birth by Selected Characteristics: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 10 US Sites, 2016–2018
| Characteristicsa | Total No.b | Leave Length | ||
| < 3 Mo, % (95% CI)c | ≥ 3 Mo, % (95% CI)c | χ2 P | ||
| Total | 12 301 | 66.2 (65.1, 67.3) | 33.8 (32.7, 34.9) | |
| Type of leaved | < .001 | |||
| No paid leave | 5 670 | 70.4 (68.8, 72.0) | 29.6 (28.0, 31.2) | |
| Any paid leave | 6 631 | 62.8 (61.3, 64.3) | 37.2 (35.7, 38.7) | |
| Maternal race and Hispanic origin | < .001 | |||
| Hispanic | 1 276 | 56.8 (53.0, 60.6) | 43.2 (39.4, 47.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 7 303 | 69.2 (67.9, 70.5) | 30.8 (29.5, 32.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2 177 | 61.2 (58.1, 64.2) | 38.8 (35.8, 41.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic othere | 1 545 | 61.5 (58.0, 64.9) | 38.5 (35.1, 42.0) | |
| Maternal age, y | < .001 | |||
| 18−24 | 1 506 | 78.0 (74.9, 80.8) | 22.0 (19.2, 25.1) | |
| 25−34 | 7 800 | 66.9 (65.5, 68.3) | 33.1 (31.7, 34.5) | |
| ≥ 35 | 2 995 | 57.8 (55.4, 60.1) | 42.2 (39.9, 44.6) | |
| Maternal education | < .001 | |||
| ≤ high school diploma or GED | 2 199 | 71.2 (68.4, 73.9) | 28.8 (26.1, 31.6) | |
| Some college or associate’s degree | 3 337 | 73.2 (71.1, 75.1) | 26.8 (24.9, 28.9) | |
| Bachelor’s or higher degree | 6 765 | 61.2 (59.7, 62.7) | 38.8 (37.3, 40.3) | |
| Marital status | < .001 | |||
| Married | 8 522 | 64.5 (63.2, 65.8) | 35.5 (34.2, 36.8) | |
| Unmarried | 3 779 | 70.1 (67.9, 72.2) | 29.9 (27.8, 32.1) | |
| Household income by federal poverty level, % | < .001 | |||
| ≤ 100 | 2 147 | 72.0 (69.1, 74.6) | 28.0 (25.4, 30.9) | |
| > 100–200 | 2 333 | 73.7 (71.2, 76.0) | 26.3 (24.0, 28.8) | |
| > 200 | 7 821 | 62.6 (61.2, 64.0) | 37.4 (36.0, 38.8) | |
| Parity | .001 | |||
| Primiparous | 5 524 | 63.9 (62.2, 65.6) | 36.1 (34.4, 37.8) | |
| Multiparous | 6 777 | 67.9 (66.4, 69.4) | 32.1 (30.6, 33.6) | |
| Gestational age at delivery, wk | < .001 | |||
| Preterm, < 37 | 1 992 | 55.5 (52.0, 59.0) | 44.5 (41.0, 48.0) | |
| Term, ≥ 37 | 10 309 | 67.0 (65.9, 68.2) | 33.0 (31.8, 34.1) | |
| Site | < .001 | |||
| Maryland | 1 016 | 68.6 (65.3, 71.7) | 31.4 (28.3, 34.7) | |
| Massachusetts | 2 114 | 56.6 (54.0, 59.3) | 43.4 (40.7, 46.0) | |
| Minnesota | 743 | 67.8 (64.0, 71.4) | 32.2 (28.6, 36.0) | |
| Missouri | 1 503 | 83.0 (80.8, 85.0) | 17.0 (15.0, 19.2) | |
| North Carolina | 411 | 79.1 (74.3, 83.1) | 20.9 (16.9, 25.7) | |
| New Hampshire | 668 | 69.0 (64.7, 73.0) | 31.0 (27.0, 35.3) | |
| New York State | 936 | 64.7 (60.8, 68.4) | 35.3 (31.6, 39.2) | |
| New York City | 1 666 | 44.3 (41.7, 47.0) | 55.7 (53.0, 58.3) | |
| Vermont | 1 593 | 65.0 (62.6, 67.4) | 35.0 (32.6, 37.4) | |
| Wisconsin | 1 651 | 79.3 (76.6, 81.9) | 20.7 (18.1, 23.4) | |
Note. CI = confidence interval; GED = general equivalency diploma.
Type of leave and household income by federal poverty level were obtained from Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) survey data. All other characteristics were obtained from birth certificate data available in the PRAMS data set.
Unweighted sample size.
Weighted % (95% CI).
No paid leave included women reporting no leave and those reporting unpaid leave only. Any paid leave included women reporting paid leave only and those reporting both paid and unpaid leave.
Included women who self-reported as American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, or mixed race or other non-White on the birth certificate.