Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with recent HIV infection identified by laboratory-based antiretroviral detection in the Population-based HIV Impact Assessments, 2015–2019
| Characteristics | ARV not detected | ARV detected | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | P-value* | |
| Male | 91 | (30.2) | 12 | (21.8) | |
| 15–29 years | 35 | (38.5) | 7 | (58.3) | 0.19 |
| 30–59 years | 56 | (61.5) | 5 | (41.7) | |
| Female | 210 | (69.8) | 43 | (78.2) | |
| 15–29 years | 122 | (58.1) | 15 | (34.9) | <0.01 |
| 30–59 years | 88 | (41.9) | 28 | (65.1) | |
| Self-reported HIV-positive status awareness | |||||
| Yes | 31 | (10.3) | 46 | (83.6) | <0.001 |
| No | 270 | (89.7) | 9 | (16.4) | |
| Self-reported ARV status | |||||
| ≥24 months or more | 6 | (2.0) | 21 | (38.2) | <0.01 |
| 12–23 months | 0 | (0.0) | 6 | (10.9) | |
| 5–11 months | 1 | (0.3) | 4 | (7.3) | |
| <5 months | 0 | (0.0) | 11 | (20.0) | |
| ARV use, no date reported | 2 | (0.7) | 3 | (5.5) | |
| No ARV use | 292 | (97.0) | 10 | (18.2) | |
| Median HIV-1 viral load | 51,179 | 13,905 | <0.001 | ||
| Resistance mutation† | |||||
| Any resistance | 71 | (25.8) | 31 | (73.8) | <0.01 |
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | 9 | (3.3) | 25 | (59.5) | <0.01 |
| Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | 63 | (22.9) | 28 | (66.7) | <0.01 |
| Protease inhibitor | 7 | (2.5) | 3 | (7.1) | <0.01 |
| National antiretroviral treatment coverage¶ | |||||
| ≥70% | 107 | (35.5) | 29 | (52.7) | 0.02 |
| <70% | 194 | (64.5) | 26 | (47.3) | |
|
| |||||
| Total participants | 301 | 55 | |||
Abbreviations: ARV=antiretroviral
*
Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared test; Median comparison using Wilcoxon rank-sum test
†
Genotyping successfully conducted for 317 samples [275 (91.4%) with no ARV detected and 42 (75.4%) with ARV detected].
¶
≥70% ARV countries: Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Namibia, Rwanda; <70% ARV countries=Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe