Table 1.
Features of Hospital Ownership by Hospital-Year Records, 2005–2013
| Overall | Government Owned* | Not-for-Profit* | For-Profit* | Changed Ownership** | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||||
| n | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Hospitals-Year Records | 38128 | 7354 | 19% | 21748 | 57% | 5440 | 14% | 3586 | 9% | |
| Hospital-Year Citation Records*** | 1642 | 256 | 3% | 888 | 4% | 351 | 6% | 147 | 4% | <0.001 |
| Number of unique hospitals | 4916 | 1008 | 21% | 2712 | 55% | 766 | 16% | 430 | 9% | |
| Unique hospitals with an EMTALA citation event | 1237 | 201 | 20% | 690 | 25% | 234 | 31% | 112 | 26% | <0.001 |
| Unique hospitals with repeat EMTALA citation events | 307 | 44 | 4% | 160 | 6% | 79 | 10% | 24 | 6% | <0.001 |
| Total citations**** | 1713 | 265 | 920 | 369 | 159 | |||||
| Total ED visits (million) | 1093 | 152 | 729 | 127 | 85 | |||||
| Citations per million ED visits***** | 1.57 | 1.74 | 1.26 | 2.91 | 1.87 | |||||
| Hospital Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Critical access hospital | 8365 | 3034 | 41% | 4394 | 20% | 203 | 4% | 734 | 20% | <0.001 |
| Regional referral center | 2440 | 384 | 5% | 1548 | 7% | 365 | 7% | 143 | 4% | <0.001 |
| Indigent care hospital | 6045 | 1165 | 17% | 4361 | 21% | 132 | 3% | 387 | 12% | <0.001 |
| Teaching hospital | 2419 | 534 | 7% | 1690 | 8% | 67 | 1% | 128 | 4% | <0.001 |
| Metropolitan status | 20908 | 2176 | 30% | 12960 | 60% | 3856 | 71% | 1916 | 53% | <0.001 |
| ED Volume (mean annual visits) | 28554 | 20558 | 33410 | 23110 | 23753 | <0.001 | ||||
| Hospital Size (mean bed total) | 177 | 128 | 206 | 150 | 142 | <0.001 | ||||
| Payer mix (mean % inpatient admissions) | ||||||||||
| Medicare | 48% | 48% | 49% | 46% | 49% | <0.001 | ||||
| Medicaid | 17% | 18% | 17% | 18% | 18% | <0.001 | ||||
Data was collected at the hospital-year level, and hospital-year observations are reported by hospital ownership type.
Hospitals with consistent ownership (government, not-for-profit, for profit) during the study period
Hospitals that changed ownership categorization during the study period
Whether a hospital was cited in a specific year (1 vs 0), regardless of having multiple citations in that year (outcome in the regression models)
Total count of EMTALA citation events, including multiple citation events within the same year. A citation event includes all EMTALA deficiencies tags resulting from a single investigation. Of note, EMTALA citation events often include numerous deficiency tags.
This calculation includes those citation events involving patients presenting to the ED of the cited hospital, and not those involving failure to accept transfer
Key: EMTALA: Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act; ED: Emergency Department