Table 1. Patient, Device, and Hospital Characteristics (n = 10 863).
| Characteristic | No. (%) | Standardized mean difference | Total, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Midline (n = 5105) | PICC (n = 5758) | |||
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 2969 (58.2) | 2772 (48.1) | 0.202 | 5741 (52.8) |
| Male | 2136 (41.8) | 2986 (51.9) | −0.202 | 5122 (47.2) |
| Race and ethnicitya | ||||
| Asian | 32 (0.6) | 27 (0.5) | 0.022 | 59 (0.5) |
| Black | 2001 (39.2) | 1065 (18.5) | 0.469 | 3066 (28.2) |
| White | 2877 (56.4) | 4373 (75.9) | −0.423 | 7250 (66.7) |
| Age group, ≥65 y | 2524 (49.4) | 2852 (49.5) | −0.002 | 5376 (49.5) |
| Age, median (IQR) | 64.8 (52.8-75.5) | 64.9 (53.8-75.4) | −0.019 | 64.8 (53.4-75.4) |
| Charlson, median (IQR) | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-5) | 0.041 | 3 (2-5) |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 28.8 (23.9-35.8) | 29.2 (24.2-35.7) | −0.007 | 29.0 (24.1-35.8) |
| Admitted from home | 4499 (88.1) | 4978 (86.5) | 0.050 | 9477 (87.2) |
| Level of care | ||||
| ICU | 1145 (22.5) | 1557 (27.1) | −0.106 | 2702 (24.9) |
| Inpatient medical floor | 3874 (76.1) | 4165 (72.4) | 0.085 | 8039 (74.1) |
| Outpatient/emergency department | 74 (1.4) | 33 (0.6) | 0.08809 | 107 (0.1) |
| Medical history | ||||
| Kidney failure/hemodialysis | 4042 (79.2) | 4800 (83.4) | −0.107 | 8842 (81.4) |
| Hypertension | 3475 (68.1) | 3769 (65.5) | 0.055 | 7244 (66.7) |
| Cerebrovascular disease/CVA/TIA | 3301 (64.7) | 3737 (64.9) | −0.005 | 7038 (64.8) |
| Former/current smoker | 2875 (56.3) | 3344 (58.1) | −0.036 | 6219 (57.2) |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 1996 (39.1) | 2251 (39.1) | 0.000 | 4247 (39.1) |
| Sepsis | 1950 (38.2) | 2222 (38.6) | −0.008 | 4172 (38.4) |
| Swollen legs | 1764 (34.6) | 2249 (39.1) | −0.094 | 4013 (36.9) |
| Lung disease | 1809 (35.4) | 1892 (32.9) | 0.054 | 3701 (34.1) |
| Hemiplegia/paraplegia | 1575 (30.9) | 1501 (26.1) | 0.106 | 3076 (28.3) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1508 (29.5) | 1403 (24.4) | 0.117 | 2911 (26.8) |
| Pneumonia | 1279 (25.1) | 1201 (20.9) | 0.100 | 2480 (22.8) |
| Cancer history | 1003 (19.6) | 1215 (21.1) | −0.036 | 2218 (20.4) |
| Diabetes-uncomplicated | 883 (17.3) | 938 (16.3) | 0.027 | 1821 (16.8) |
| Cellulitis | 605 (11.9) | 1195 (20.8) | −0.108 | 1800 (16.6) |
| Dementia | 625 (12.2) | 920 (16.0) | −0.243 | 1545 (14.2) |
| Osteomyelitis | 188 (3.7) | 904 (15.7) | −0.415 | 1092 (10.1) |
| Venous stasis | 298 (5.8) | 371 (6.4) | −0.025 | 669 (6.2) |
| Moderate/severe liver disease | 229 (4.5) | 345 (6.0) | −0.067 | 574 (5.3) |
| Coagulopathy | 171 (3.3) | 233 (4.0) | −0.037 | 404 (3.7) |
| Lymphoma | 224 (4.4) | 176 (3.1) | 0.070 | 400 (3.7) |
| Life-threatening illness | 167 (3.3) | 10 (0.2) | 0.240 | 177 (1.6) |
| Diabetes-complicated | 2969 (58.2) | 92 (1.6) | −0.049 | 145 (1.3) |
| IBD | 84 (1.6) | 54 (0.9) | 0.063 | 138 (1.3) |
| CLABSI history | 49 (1.0) | 86 (1.5) | −0.048 | 135 (1.2) |
| VTE history | ||||
| Any | 765 (15.0) | 760 (13.2) | 0.051 | 1525 (14.0) |
| <30 d | 341 (6.7) | 188 (3.3) | 0.157 | 529 (4.9) |
| eGFR, median (IQR), mL/min | 65 (45-94) | 63 (54-93) | −0.019 | 64 (50-93.74) |
| WBC count, median (IQR), /μL | 9200 (6700-12 930) | 9000 (6600-12 400) | −0.019 | 9100 (6630-12 630) |
| Hemoglobin, median (IQR), g/dL | 10.10 (8.50-11.80) | 10.20 (8.70-11.80) | 0.006 | 10.20 (8.60-11.80) |
| Platelets, median (IQR), ×103/μL | 230 (165-312) | 242 (170-330) | −0.075 | 236 (168-321) |
| INR, median (IQR) | 1.12 (1.03-1.30) | 1.17 (1.05-1.36) | −0.023 | 1.15 (1.04-1.33) |
| Device characteristics | ||||
| Presence of another CVC | 549 (10.8) | 608 (10.6) | 0.006 | 1157 (10.7) |
| PICC/CVC in prior 6 mo | 712 (13.9) | 1179 (20.5) | −0.174 | 1891 (17.4) |
| Placement attempts | ||||
| 1 | 4456 (87.3) | 5121 (88.9) | −0.051 | 9577 (88.2) |
| ≥2 | 649 (12.7) | 637 (11.1) | 0.051 | 1286 (11.8) |
| Inserted in right arm | 2761 (54.2) | 4107 (71.4) | −0.360 | 6868 (63.3) |
| Power injectable devices | 4388 (86.0) | 5411 (94.0) | −0.269 | 9799 (90.2) |
| Insertion vein | ||||
| Basilic | 2488 (48.7) | 3492 (60.6) | −0.241 | 5980 (55.0) |
| Brachial | 1893 (37.1) | 1873 (32.5) | 0.096 | 3766 (34.7) |
| Other/unknown | 724 (14.2) | 393 (6.8) | −0.241 | 1117 (10.3) |
| Inserted by | ||||
| Vascular access nurse | 4652 (98.1) | 4492 (83.5) | 0.520 | 9144 (90.3) |
| Interventional radiologist | 77 (1.6) | 877 (16.3) | −0.532 | 954 (9.4) |
| Other/unknown | 15 (0.3) | 12 (0.2) | 0.019 | 27 (0.3) |
| Placement indication | ||||
| Short-term antibiotics | 2046 (40.1) | 4102 (71.2) | −0.661 | 6148 (56.6) |
| Chemotherapy | 5 (0.1) | 76 (1.3) | −0.146 | 81 (0.7) |
| Difficult access/blood draws | 3694 (72.4) | 2307 (40.1) | 0.688 | 6001 (55.2) |
| Multiple fluids | 62 (1.2) | 239 (4.2) | −0.183 | 301 (2.8) |
| TPN | 2 (<0.1) | 218 (3.8) | −0.276 | 220 (2.0) |
| No. of device lumens | ||||
| Single | 4334 (84.9) | 3637 (63.2) | 0.512 | 7971 (73.4) |
| Double | 762 (14.9) | 1750 (30.4) | −0.376 | 2512 (23.1) |
| Triple/quadruple | 9 (0.2) | 371 (6.4) | −0.355 | 380 (3.5) |
| Gauge | ||||
| 4F | 4464 (87.4) | 3425 (59.5) | 0.668 | 7889 (72.6) |
| 5F | 638 (12.5) | 2202 (38.2) | −0.619 | 2840 (26.1) |
| ≥6F | 3 (0.1) | 131 (2.3) | −0.208 | 134 (1.2) |
| Device length, median (IQR), cm | 14 (10-16) | 42 (39-46) | −6.601 | 35 (14-43) |
| Device duration, median (IQR), d | 6 (3-12) | 14 (7-27) | −0.776 | 10 (5-20) |
| Device removal (for any complication) | 371 (7.3) | 300 (5.2) | 0.085 | 671 (6.2) |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| Bed size, median (IQR) | 342 (273-632) | 372 (250-573) | 0.109 | 348 (255-584) |
| Discharges, median (IQR) | 16 160 (11 072-30 375) | 19 097 (11 241-30 611) | −0.006 | 18 439 (11 241-30 375) |
| Area, rural | 6 (0.1) | 163 (2.8) | −0.226 | 169 (1.6) |
| Profit, for profit | 580 (11.4) | 304 (5.3) | 0.221 | 884 (8.1) |
| Academic, yes | 3589 (70.3) | 3615 (62.8) | 0.160 | 7204 (66.3) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CLABSI, central line–associated bloodstream infection; CVA/TIA, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack; CVC, central venous catheter; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; PICC, peripherally inserted central catheter; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; VTE, venous thromboembolism; WBC, white blood cell.
SI conversion factors: To convert hemoglobin to g/L, multiply by 10.0; platelets to ×109/L, multiply by 1.0; WBC count to ×109/L, multiply by 0.001.
a
Race and ethnicity were indicated as other or unknown for n = 488 (4.5%) of the sample. Data were not available or interpretable because of missing or unclear entries or other categories not listed.