Table 3. Multivariable Models of Factors Associated With Microalbuminuria.
| Variable | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)a | P valueb |
|---|---|---|
| Multivariable model: risk of confirmed or suspected microalbuminuria | ||
| Age at diagnosis of T1D | 1.10 (1.06-1.15) | <.001 |
| Mean HbA1c level since diagnosis of T1D | 1.27 (1.16-1.39) | <.001 |
| DKA with no AKI | 1.22 (0.94-1.57) | .14 |
| DKA with AKI | 1.56 (1.30-1.87) | <.001 |
| Multivariable model with DKA and AKI variables analyzed as categories based on frequency | ||
| Age at diagnosis of T1D | 1.11 (1.07-1.15) | <.001 |
| Mean HbA1c level since diagnosis of T1D | 1.27 (1.16-1.39) | <.001 |
| DKA episode with no AKI | ||
| 0 | 1 [Reference] | .50 |
| 1 | 1.34 (0.91-1.98) | |
| 2 | 1.30 (0.56-3.03) | |
| ≥3c | 0.91 (0.12-6.70) | |
| DKA episode with AKI | ||
| 0 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| 1 | 1.29 (0.88-1.90) | |
| 2 | 3.12 (1.77-5.50) | |
| 3 | 3.73 (1.72-8.11) | |
| ≥4 | 5.47 (1.67-17.9) |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; T1D, type 1 diabetes.
a
Hazard ratio represents increased risk for each 1-year increase in age at diagnosis and each 1% increase in mean HbA1c level since diagnosis.
b
P value from a likelihood ratio test with other variables in the model.
c
Because the number of patients with 4 or more episodes of DKA without AKI was low, causing statistical instability in the multivariable model, this category was combined with 3 episodes.