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. 2021 Nov 9;12:774436. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.774436

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Copyright © 2021 Lee, Seo, Kim, Tae, Seok, Kim, Lee, Kim, Hwang, Jeong and Moon

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart of participant selection. We first screened 155 patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) whose diagnoses were confirmed by kidney biopsy. Among these, 83 patients with availability of urine samples were enrolled in this study. We also recruited 19 patients exhibiting both DKD and non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) and 32 healthy individuals as control groups. Urinary cell pellets from the participants were collected and analyzed for measurement of the levels of DKD-specific mRNA candidates selected based on the metanalysis of the public GEO repository. DKD, diabetic kidney disease; NDRD, non-diabetic renal disease; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.