Table 1. The NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, FGF2, and COL-1 expression and the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblast after treatment with rice husk liquid smoke.
| Marker | Treatment for 2 days (X ± SD) |
Treatment for 7 days (X ± SD) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RHLS | Control | p -Value | RHLS | Control | p -Value | |
| Abbreviations: COL-1, collagen type 1; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; IL-6, interleukin-6; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa β, RHLS, rice husk liquid smoke; TGF-β,transforming growth factor-β, TNF-α,tumor necrosis factor-α. Note: X ± SD: mean ± standard deviation a Significant difference using independent t -test with p < 0.05. | ||||||
| NF-kB expression | 5.20 ± 1.92 | 7.00 ± 1.58 | 0.146 | 2.60 ± 1.14 | 10.20 ± 1.92 | 0.000 a |
| TNF-α expression | 9.20 ± 1.48 | 11.40 ± 2.51 | 0.139 | 5.20 ± 1.92 | 13.40 ± 2.51 | 0.000 a |
| IL-6 expression | 7.80 ± 1.79 | 9.80 ± 2.59 | 0.198 | 2.80 ± 0.84 | 12.60 ± 2.07 | 0.000 a |
| TGF-β expression | 11.20 ± 2.16 | 4.60 ± 2.41 | 0.002 a | 13.40 ± 1.43 | 6.00 ± 1.87 | 0.004 a |
| FGF2 expression | 11.20 ± 1.92 | 3.20 ± 1.92 | 0.003 a | 13.40 ± 2.86 | 4.60 ± 2.07 | 0.001 a |
| COL-1 expression | 11.40 ± 2.30 | 3.10 ± 1.14 | 0.000 a | 13.40 ± 2.41 | 5.40 ± 2.30 | 0.001 a |
| Macrophages | 10.60 ± 1.52 | 5.40 ± 2.30 | 0.004 a | 12.40 ± 2.07 | 6.60 ± 2.30 | 0.003 a |
| Lymphocytes | 7.80 ± 1.92 | 12.80 ± 2.77 | 0.013 a | 3.40 ± 1.14 | 14.60 ± 3.21 | 0.001 a |
| Fibroblast | 10.20 ± 1.92 | 3.40 ± 1.67 | 0.000 a | 13.40 ± 2.51 | 6.20 ± 1.92 | 0.001 a |