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. 2021 Nov 30;29(6):8109–8125. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17824-5

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

A Viral RNA entry into the cell causes cell death due to rupture of the cell membrane and detection of NK cells due to absence of MHC-1 protein. NK cells release perforin which makes a hole in the cell and then releases granzymes causing apoptosis. B Viral infection inhibits the nucleus of the infected cell to release interferon β. C SARS-CoV-2 binding to macrophages and initiating the sequence of chemokine release and cytokine storm