Table 2.
Multinomial regression (unadjusted and adjusted) for HS and factors associated with HS (reference population of normal/mild HS) using NHANES 2017‐2018
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate (S2) | Severe (S3) | Moderate (S2) | Severe (S3) | |
| Age, years | ||||
| 12‐19 versus 20‐34 | 0.53 (0.37‐0.77)* | 0.36 (0.28‐0.47)* | 0.48 (0.24‐0.94)* | 0.70 (0.40‐1.23) |
| 35‐49 versus 20‐34 | 1.96 (1.34‐2.84)* | 1.82 (1.36‐2.45)* | 1.63 (1.12‐2.39)* | 1.27 (0.89‐1.79) |
| 50‐64 versus 20‐34 | 2.33 (1.53‐3.54)* | 2.88 (2.08‐3.98)* | 2.01 (1.14‐3.54)* | 1.81 (1.27‐2.57)* |
| 65+ versus 20‐34 | 2.53 (1.73‐3.69)* | 2.72 (2.02‐3.66)* | 1.85 (1.05‐3.25)* | 1.47 (0.97‐2.22) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Black versus White | 0.91 (0.72‐1.15) | 0.61 (0.49‐0.77)* | 0.80 (0.56‐1.16) | 0.47 (0.36‐0.63)* |
| Mexican‐American versus White | 1.22 (1.03‐1.45)* | 1.78 (1.41‐2.24)* | 1.77 (1.13‐2.80)* | 2.11 (1.44‐3.09)* |
| Other Hispanic versus White | 0.90 (0.75‐1.08) | 0.85 (0.67‐1.08) | 0.76 (0.47‐1.24) | 0.67 (0.43‐1.04) |
| Other versus White | 1.16 (0.93‐1.45) | 0.93 (0.64‐1.34) | 1.35 (0.82‐2.22) | 0.99 (0.55‐1.78) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female versus male | 0.83 (0.62‐1.11) | 0.59 (0.50‐0.70)* | 0.65 (0.44‐0.95)* | 0.41 (0.31‐0.54)* |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school versus high school | 0.77 (0.64‐0.92)* | 0.46 (0.37‐0.57)* | 1.17 (0.90‐1.53) | 0.73 (0.43‐1.24) |
| Some college versus high school | 1.16 (0.87‐1.56) | 0.96 (0.73‐1.27) | 1.24 (0.84‐1.84) | 1.08 (0.71‐1.64) |
| At least college degree versus high school | 1.20 (0.85‐1.69) | 0.63 (0.47‐0.85)* | 1.22 (0.73‐2.05) | 0.77 (0.49‐1.22) |
| Language spoken at home | ||||
| Spanish versus English | 1.36 (1.07‐1.72)* | 1.96 (1.37‐2.79)* | 0.86 (0.49‐1.50) | 0.90 (0.55‐1.47) |
| Both versus English | 0.96 (0.78‐1.17) | 1.30 (0.97‐1.73) | 0.74 (0.49‐1.13) | 1.13 (0.72‐1.77) |
| Other versus English | 1.30 (0.96‐1.76) | 1.17 (0.77‐1.80) | 1.37 (0.76‐2.47) | 1.74 (0.93‐3.25) |
| Federal income ratio | ||||
| <1 versus >2 | 0.82 (0.61‐1.10) | 0.93 (0.73‐1.18) | 1.03 (0.73‐1.46) | 0.93 (0.68‐1.27) |
| 1‐2 versus >2 | 1.06 (0.83‐1.35) | 0.98 (0.80‐1.21) | 1.23 (0.84‐1.80) | 1.00 (0.74‐1.36) |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | ||||
| Risk for women (≥0.85)/risk for men (≥1.0) versus healthy | 2.84 (2.10‐3.86)* | 5.09 (4.15‐6.24)* | 1.72 (1.00‐2.96)* | 2.18 (1.42‐3.32)* |
| BMI | ||||
| Overweight versus normal | 4.67 (3.49‐6.25)* | 9.57 (7.05‐12.99)* | 3.02 (2.06‐4.41)* | 6.11 (3.92‐9.51)* |
| Obese versus normal | 9.10 (5.84‐14.18)* | 46.59 (29.05‐74.72)* | 5.04 (2.98‐8.53)* | 21.92 (12.08‐39.77)* |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current versus never | 0.95 (0.70‐1.29) | 1.06 (0.84‐1.34) | 0.89 (0.59‐1.34) | 0.91 (0.65‐1.28) |
| Former versus never | 1.42 (1.07‐1.90)* | 1.68 (1.30‐2.16)* | 1.24 (0.86‐1.78) | 1.14 (0.79‐1.64) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Inactive versus meets guidelines | 1.33 (1.08‐1.63)* | 1.67 (1.29‐2.17)* | 0.97 (0.76‐1.24) | 1.25 (0.90‐1.74) |
| Does not meet guidelines versus meets guidelines | 1.50 (1.04‐2.15)* | 1.95 (1.46‐2.60)* | 0.92 (0.61‐1.38) | 1.45 (0.97‐2.15) |
| Serum cholesterol | ||||
| Elevated (200‐239 mg/dL) versus good (<200 mg/dL) | 1.45 (1.11‐1.88)* | 1.55 (1.24‐1.94)* | 0.83 (0.59‐1.17) | 0.92 (0.66‐1.28) |
| High (≥240 mg/dL) versus good (<200 mg/dL) | 1.72 (1.16‐2.55)* | 1.85 (1.46‐2.34)* | 0.90 (0.68‐1.19) | 0.85 (0.63‐1.14) |
| Serum triglycerides | ||||
| Borderline (150‐199 mg/dL) versus normal (≤150 mg/dL) | 2.86 (2.07‐3.95)* | 3.66 (2.64‐5.08)* | 1.85 (1.38‐2.49)* | 1.88 (1.24‐2.85)* |
| High (≥200 mg/dL) versus normal (≤150 mg/dL) | 2.99 (2.09‐4.29)* | 7.93 (6.26‐10.05)* | 1.64 (1.17‐2.29)* | 3.29 (2.36‐4.58)* |
| hsCRP | ||||
| Mild inflammation (1‐3 mg/dL) versus normal (<1 mg/dL) | 2.40 (1.85‐3.12)* | 3.26 (2.44‐4.35)* | 1.37 (0.94‐2.02) | 1.12 (0.78‐1.62) |
| Significant inflammation (3‐10 mg/dL) versus normal (<1 mg/dL) | 3.12 (2.21‐4.40)* | 6.24 (4.63‐8.41)* | 1.28 (0.85‐1.94) | 1.55 (0.92‐2.59) |
| Highly significant inflammation (≥10 mg/dL) versus normal (<1 mg/dL) | 2.43 (1.52‐3.88)* | 7.58 (4.43‐12.97)* | 1.45 (0.96‐2.19) | 2.08 (1.10‐3.91)* |
| AST | ||||
| Elevated (>40 U/L) versus normal (≤40 U/L) | 1.85 (0.93‐3.68) | 3.05 (1.80‐5.16)* | 1.83 (0.48‐6.94) | 2.21 (0.87‐5.58) |
| ALT | ||||
| Elevated (>56 U/L) versus normal (≤56 U/L) | 2.07 (1.34‐3.22)* | 3.96 (2.10‐7.45)* | 1.47 (0.51‐4.20) | 1.65 (0.53‐5.12) |
| HbA1c | ||||
| Prediabetic versus healthy (<5.7%) | 1.99 (1.51‐2.63)* | 3.85 (2.99‐4.95)* | 1.28 (0.87‐1.89) | 2.29 (1.65‐3.18)* |
| Diabetic (≥6.5) versus healthy (<5.7%) | 3.13 (2.12‐4.62)* | 13.35 (8.90‐20.03)* | 1.38 (0.76‐2.50) | 4.85 (2.61‐9.03)* |
*
Statistically significant at P < 0.05.