FIG. 1.

(A) Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis shows that fenofibrate (50 µM) treatment for 24 hours up‐regulates PPARα, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT2B4, CYP3A4, MRP2, MRP3, and CYP4A11 mRNA expression in cryopreserved hepatocytes compared with DMSO (vehicle control). Relative mRNA expression was calculated using the ∆∆Ct method, normalized to PPIA and expressed as a fold‐change over DMSO. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3‐4 individual cases of hepatocytes), analyzed by two‐tailed unpaired Student t test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001 versus DMSO. Combination treatment with fenofibrate decreases total serum BAs (B) and increases total serum BA‐glucuronides (C). Log₂‐transformed data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA. **P < 0.01 and ****P < 0.0001. Total serum BAs and BA‐glucuronides are defined in the Supporting Materials and Methods.