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. 2021 Nov 23;17:739–769. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S328096

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© 2021 Zuraini et al.

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Bioactive compounds present in grapes (Vitis vinifera) and its mechanisms of action in cardioprotection. Grape extracts significantly reduced cardiac and brain ischemia-induced oxidative stress. Grapes contain compounds that assist avoid oxidative stress, thus resulted in a significant impact on blood lipids such as decreasing LDL-oxidation (LDL-ox) and substantially enhance endothelial function. Additionally, it contributes to platelet aggregation inhibition, inflammation, and blood pressure reduction by decreasing endothelin-1 (ET-1) secretion and increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels.

Abbreviations: IL-10, interleukin-10; TGF-ß, transforming growth factor beta; M-CSF, macrophage-colony stimulating factor; COX, cyclooxygenase; LOX, lipoxygenase; NFkB, nuclear factor kappa B, IL-35, Interleukin 35; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1; IL-6, Interleukin 6; IL-12, Interleukin 12; IL-1 β, Interleukin 1 beta; PI3K/NO/cGMP/PKG, phosphoinositide 3-kinases/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate/protein kinase-G; PI3K-AKT, phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B; ERK1/2, extracellular regulated kinase 1/2; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β.