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. 2021 Nov 10;12:727500. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727500

TABLE 3.

Taxonomy of situation awareness in video-relays of driving scenes for SA Comprehension and SA Prediction.

SA Comprehension
1.1 Road/highway 1.2 Driver’s perspective 1.3 Other drivers/vehicles
Type of highway
   E.g., country road/lane/main road/city road/dual
   carriageway/motorway/A road/B road
   Named road
   E.g., M3, A30
Road description
   E.g., two lanes/single lanes
   E.g., busy/quiet/long/clear
   E.g., speed limit
Type of area
   E.g., village/residential
Road layout information
   Turn
   Straight road
   Junction
   Bends
   Uphill/downhill
   Roundabout (exits 1/2/3)
   Roadworks/diversions/road blocked
   Cycle lane
   Traffic lights
   Filter lanes
   Slip road
   Location of road layout information
   To the left/right/middle of the road
Road layout (adjective)
   “sharp” bend, “slight” bend, “very big
   roundabout” etc.,
Time of day/season
   E.g., dusk/dark winter’s day
Traffic signs and signals
   On road signs and markings
   Presence of sign/markings
   Meaning of sign/markings
   Location of sign/markings
   Signpost
   Presence of sign
   Meaning of sign
   Location of sign
   Light signals
   Traffic lights (red/amber/green)
   Level crossings
   Motorway signals e.g., lane control, fog,
   information message, camera
Road “decoration”
   Trees
   Houses
   Location of “decoration”
   Left hand side of the road (driver’s side)
   Right hand side of the road (offside)
   Above (hanging)		 Relative position to other cars
   Behind
   To the right
   To the left
   In front/driver following
   Oncoming traffic on opposite side of the road
   Passing parked cars
   Distance e.g., close/far away
   No cars present
   No cars behind
Direction/trajectory of driver
   Going right/left/straight on
   Position on the road e.g., middle lane, second
   lane on motorway
Speed traveling at
   Actual (mph)
Subjective judgment of speed
   Fast/too fast/slowly
Driver’s decision/judgment of own action/s
   Temporal judgment (e.g., whether time to pass
   parked cars)
   Decision to wait
   Decision to maneuver out/overtake/nudge’
   into oncoming traffic
   Should slow down
Rationale of judgment of
   own action/s
   Significance of obstacles (not enough space
   for two cars to fit)
   Why driver is waiting/stationary (waiting for a
   gap in traffic)
Driver perception issues
   Lack of visibility
   Poor light		 Description
   “Vehicle” or type of vehicle (e.g., van/lorry/car
   etc.,)
   Many vehicles e.g., “traffic”
   Make
   Model
   Color
   Registration number
   Body details (e.g., cages on the side)
   Identification of company logo (e.g., DPD)
Direction/trajectory of moving vehicle
   Going right/left/straight on/in left lane
Speed traveling at
   Actual (mph)
   Perceived/subjective e.g., “too fast”
   At the speed limit
   Queuing traffic/congested
   Traffic flowing freely
Purpose of vehicle
   E.g., Delivery/courier, waste/rubbish truck, local authority vehicle, ambulance
Location of static vehicle/s
   On the verge/On the pavement/Left side/Right
   side
State of vehicle
   Parked
   Abandoned
Rationale/analysis of other driver action (theory of mind)
   Why driver is slowing down (e.g., driver is
   looking for an address)
   Why driver is parked (e.g., driver is going to
   deliver a package, doing ground works,
   clearing debris)
1.4 Dynamic actions of driver and other drivers/vehicles 1.5 Pedestrians/other road users 1.6 Anticipatory Hazards
Maneuver planning/positioning
   Approaching bend
   Approaching roundabout
   Approaching traffic lights
   Waiting
   Approaching exits
   Signaling
Active maneuvers
   Driving straight/Continuing driving
   Slowing down/speeding up/braking/stopping
   Going round bend
   Passing junction/turning
   Entering/Exiting roundabout (exits 1/2/3)
   Pulling out/Changing lanes/Pull back into lane
   Entering roads/motorway
   Taking exits/coming off
   Overtaking cars
   Give way
Observation
   Checking mirrors
   Looking for other vehicles
   Observing other vehicle’s signals (flashing
   lights, hazards etc.,)		 Presence of pedestrian/other road user
   E.g., “pedestrian,” “cyclist,” “rider,” “dog”
Location of pedestrian/other road user
   On pavement
   On side of road
Location of pedestrian/other road user relative to driver
   On my left
   On my right
   Right hand side
   Left hand side
   On the other side of the road
Description of pedestrian/other road user
   Outfit/clothes wearing (e.g., jacket)
   Color of clothes
   Holding or carrying specific items (e.g., bag)
Gender of pedestrian/other road user
   Male/man/boy
   Female/woman/lady/girl
Age of pedestrian/other road user
   Young
   Old
Action of pedestrian/other road user (what pedestrian is doing)
   E.g., walking. swinging bag
Purpose of action of pedestrian/other road user (why they are doing it)
   Theory of mind projection
   E.g., pedestrian stepping into road without
   looking/driver getting out of car into road
   without checking for oncoming traffic
Occupation of pedestrian/other road user
   E.g., local authority worker		 Keeping distance from other vehicles
   E.g., not getting too close, keeping a car
   length between own car and car in front, being
   “careful”
Watching out for other vehicles’ behavior
   E.g., caution before pulling out on a
   roundabout
2. SA Prediction
2.1 Changing road environment 2.2 Driver future dynamic action/s
Road layout perception
   E.g., bend to the right/road to the left/4 lane
   motorway
Environmental markers
   E.g., /railway/hump back bridge/houses/trees
Traffic signs ahead
   On road e.g., road marking/mph/slow)
   Sign post e.g., roundabout/motorway/brown
   sign)
   Traffic lights (on red/amber/green)
Changing road details
   E.g., Approaching roundabout/bend
   approaching/road turning to the right/going
   uphill/changing traffic lights		 Driver future observation
   Checking mirrors
   Looking for other vehicles
   Observing other vehicle’s signals (flashing
   lights, hazards etc.,)
Driver future maneuvers
   E.g., Overtake/turn/accelerate/continue to
   drive/stop/pull out/wait/drive on other side of
   the road/signal/give way to the right or
   left/finish maneuvers already started
Driver future orientation/trajectory
   E.g., Straight on/round the bend/carry on/turn
   left or right
Driver future speed
   E.g., mph/faster/slow down/slow
   down/maintain speed
Driver position on the road
   E.g., in my lane/on the left hand side of the
   road/on a bend
Reaching destination
   E.g., arriving at intended location
2. SA Prediction
2.3 Other vehicle/road user predicted dynamic actions 2.4 Impending hazards
Description of other vehicle/road user
   E.g., one/a number of vehicles/traffic
   E.g., model/make/color
Other driver/road user future maneuvers
   E.g., Overtake/turn/accelerate/continue to drive/brake/stop/pull out/wait/drive on other side of the road/signal
Other driver future orientation/trajectory
   E.g., Straight on/round the bend/carry on/turn left or right
Other driver future speed
   E.g., mph/faster/slow down/slow down/maintain speed
Position relative to driver
   E.g., to “my” left/to “my” right/in front/behind/close
Location of other vehicle/road user
   E.g., on the verge/side of the road/other side of the road
Purpose of other vehicle/road user
   E.g., industry/occupation		 Driver general caution/awareness
   E.g., looking to see what is coming/being careful/concentrating/wary of distraction/giving wide berth when overtaking
Specific potential hazards E.g., pedestrians/other road users/traffic lights/limited visibility/roundabout
   Future actions of other road users (e.g., walk in road, cross without looking)
Location of projected hazard
   E.g., on the right/on the left
Abstract/hypothetical hazards
   E.g., a crash/animals in the road

Absence of hazards
 E.g., no bends ahead/no signs/no pedestrians/no cars present/road clear/nothing will happen
Theory of mind projection to evaluate future risk
 E.g., being in a daydream