Table 2.
Association of psychological factors with changes in adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) and consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during the Italian lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic (March 9–May 3, 2020) in the ALT RISCOVID-19 web-based survey (n = 1340) using data obtained from multiple imputation
| Change in MD | Change in UPF | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regression coefficient β | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p value | Regression coefficient β | Lower 95%CI | Upper 95% CI | p value | |
| PHQ-9 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 0.04 | − 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.20 | < .0001 |
| Model 2 | − 0.05 | − 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.22 | < .0001 |
| Model 3 | − 0.02 | − 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.67 | 0.07 | − 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
| GAD-7 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 0.03 | − 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.19 | < .0001 |
| Model 2 | − 0.03 | − 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.38 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.20 | < .0001 |
| Model 3 | − 0.01 | − 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.87 | 0.06 | − 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
| PSS-4 | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 0.01 | − 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.84 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.0004 |
| Model 2 | 0.01 | − 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.75 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.06 | − 0.02 | − 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.60 |
| SQD-P | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 0.03 | − 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.0002 |
| Model 2 | − 0.03 | − 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 0.07 | − 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.16 | − 0.06 | − 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.18 |
| SQD-D | ||||||||
| Model 1 | − 0.08 | − 0.14 | − 0.03 | 0.004 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.22 | < .0001 |
| Model 2 | − 0.09 | − 0.15 | − 0.03 | 0.003 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.23 | < .0001 |
| Model 3 | − 0.16 | − 0.26 | − 0.06 | 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.004 |
Model 1 obtained from multivariable-adjusted linear regression including age and sex
Model 2 obtained from multivariable-adjusted linear regression including age, sex, geographical area, living area, educational level, household income, marital status, number of cohabitants, occupational class, history of chronic diseases, diagnosis of ≥ 1 diseases during lockdown and use of psychoactive drugs before or during lockdown
Model 3 as in model 2 and including all psychometric scales simultaneously. Significant associations surviving Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (α = 0.01) are highlighted in bold
PHQ-9 Patients’ Health questionnaire, GAD-7 General anxiety disorder scale, PSS-4 Perceived stress scale, SQD Screening Questionnaire for Disaster Mental Health, SQD-P Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, SQD-D Depressive symptoms