Table 4.
PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | PSS-4 | SQD-P | SQD-D | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | β | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | β | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | β | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | β | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | |
Body change during lockdown | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.06 | − 0.01 | 0.13 | − 0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.04 | − 0.04 | 0.12 | − 0.09 | − 0.16 | − 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.28 |
Decreased | 0.02 | − 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.05 | − 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.02 | − 0.10 | 0.15 | − 0.03 | − 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.25 |
Take away food | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.05 | − 0.04 | 0.13 | − 0.001 | − 0.08 | 0.08 | − 0.04 | − 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.08 | − 0.01 | 0.17 | − 0.04 | − 0.12 | 0.05 |
Reduced | − 0.03 | − 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.01 | − 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.01 | − 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.04 | − 0.04 | 0.12 |
Time spent on home food preparation | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.04 | − 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.06 | − 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.02 | − 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.05 | − 0.02 | 0.12 | − 0.07 | − 0.13 | − 0.001 |
Reduced | 0.12 | − 0.10 | 0.35 | − 0.03 | − 0.26 | 0.19 | − 0.004 | − 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.04 | − 0.19 | 0.28 | − 0.01 | − 0.23 | 0.22 |
Number of daily meals | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.18 | − 0.10 | − 0.19 | − 0.01 | − 0.13 | − 0.21 | − 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.28 |
Reduced | 0.08 | − 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.08 | − 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.05 | − 0.19 | 0.29 | − 0.01 | − 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.10 | − 0.10 | 0.29 |
Food supplements use | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | − 0.001 | − 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.06 | − 0.06 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.24 | − 0.16 | − 0.26 | − 0.06 |
Reduced | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.06 | − 0.14 | 0.27 | − 0.05 | − 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.21 | − 0.01 | 0.43 | − 0.29 | − 0.49 | − 0.08 |
Water intake | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.005 | − 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.05 | − 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.002 | − 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.01 | − 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.04 | − 0.03 | 0.11 |
Reduced | 0.07 | − 0.10 | 0.23 | − 0.10 | − 0.27 | 0.07 | − 0.11 | − 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.0003 | − 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.47 |
Food budget | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.03 | − 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.04 | − 0.03 | 0.11 | − 0.02 | − 0.10 | 0.06 | − 0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | − 0.01 | 0.13 |
Reduced | 0.08 | − 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.07 | − 0.04 | 0.18 | − 0.08 | − 0.21 | 0.05 | − 0.03 | − 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.03 | − 0.08 | 0.14 |
Short food supply chain | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.01 | − 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.03 | − 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.01 | − 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.06 | − 0.01 | 0.13 | − 0.07 | − 0.14 | − 0.003 |
Reduced | − 0.02 | − 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.05 | − 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.05 | − 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.07 | − 0.05 | 0.18 | − 0.02 | − 0.13 | 0.08 |
Long food supply chain | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.04 | − 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.03 | − 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.03 | − 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.04 | − 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.01 | − 0.06 | 0.09 |
Reduced | 0.03 | − 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.06 | − 0.02 | 0.14 | − 0.05 | − 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.05 | − 0.03 | 0.13 | − 0.03 | − 0.10 | 0.05 |
Local food | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | − 0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.03 | − 0.05 | 0.11 | − 0.03 | − 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.17 | − 0.03 | − 0.10 | 0.05 |
Reduced | − 0.02 | − 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.08 | − 0.07 | 0.22 | 0.08 | − 0.09 | 0.24 | − 0.11 | − 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.0001 | − 0.14 | 0.14 |
Organic food | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.09 | − 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.03 | − 0.08 | 0.15 | − 0.04 | − 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.07 | − 0.05 | 0.19 | − 0.03 | − 0.14 | 0.08 |
Reduced | 0.17 | − 0.02 | 0.36 | − 0.07 | − 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.16 | − 0.07 | 0.38 | − 0.05 | − 0.25 | 0.16 | − 0.05 | − 0.24 | 0.14 |
Pre-prepared meals | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.09 | − 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.05 | − 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.01 | − 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.07 | − 0.06 | 0.20 | − 0.05 | − 0.17 | 0.07 |
Reduced | 0.0001 | − 0.08 | 0.08 | − 0.04 | − 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.04 | − 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.05 | − 0.03 | 0.13 | − 0.02 | − 0.09 | 0.06 |
Long shelf life food | |||||||||||||||
Unchanged | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Increased | 0.01 | − 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | − 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.001 | 0.17 | 0.02 | − 0.06 | 0.10 |
Reduced | 0.03 | − 0.07 | 0.13 | − 0.08 | − 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.02 | − 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.08 | − 0.02 | 0.19 | − 0.05 | − 0.15 | 0.05 |
Regression coefficient β with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) obtained from multivariable-adjusted linear regression model 3 including age, sex, geographical area, living area, educational level, household income, marital status, number of cohabitants, occupational class, history of chronic diseases, diagnosis of ≥ 1 diseases during lockdown and use of psychoactive drugs before or during lockdown, and including all the psychometric scales simultaneously
Significant associations surviving Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (α = 0.0008) are highlighted in bold
PHQ-9 Patients’ Health questionnaire, GAD-7 General anxiety disorder scale, PSS-4 Perceived stress scale, SQD Screening Questionnaire for Disaster Mental Health, SQD-P Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, SQD-D Depressive symptoms