Cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
Platelet-Derived growth factor, Neuropilin2, Olfactory receptor 14I1, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Tetherin |
Neurons, Glia, Ependymal cells, Choroid plexus |
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) IL8, TNFα, IL6, CXCL11/ITAC, and CCL5/Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), IL1B, IL10 |
Neurosensory loss, Focal encephalitis, Microcephaly, Seizures, Paralysis, Mental retardation, Autism spectrum disorder |
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) |
Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), Sialic- acid-binding Ig-like lectin, Non-muscle myosin heavy chain (NMHC)-IIA, Nectin 1 |
Hippocampal neurons, Brain stem neurons |
Macrophage inflammatory protein1a (MIP1a), IL1β, TNFα, IL6, IL8, CCL5, CXCL10 |
Necrotizing encephalitis, Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease |
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) |
CD21, CD35 |
Astrocytes and Microglia |
IL2, IFNγ, TNF, LTα, LTβ, CXCL10-CXCR3, CCL5-CCR5 |
Encephalitis, Meningitis, Cerebellitis, Polyradiculomyelitis, Transverse myelitis, Cranial and Peripheral neuropathies, Schizophrenia, Psychiatric abnormalities |
Varicella-zoster virus |
Mannose-6-phosphate receptor, Myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) |
Neurons |
IL1, IL6, IL8, and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) |
Aseptic meningitis, Encephalitis, Cerebral infarction associated with granulomatous vasculitis, Myelitis, and Cranial polyneuropathy. |
Rubella virus |
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAMF1), CD46 |
Astrocytes, Neural progenitor cells |
IL1β, IL6, TNFα |
Congenital Rubella syndrome, Microcephaly, Encephalitis, Panencephalitis, Autism spectrum disorder |
Mumps virus |
Trisaccharide containing -2,3-linked sialic acid |
Ependymal cells that line the ventricles, pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus |
TNFα, IL6, MCP1, CXCL10 |
Encephalitis, Aseptic meningitis |
Influenza virus |
Sialic acids (SAs) of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids |
Hippocampal neurons in the CA1 and dentate gyrus |
IL8, RANTES, MCP1, MCP3, MIP1α, IFNG induced protein 10 (IP-10) IL8, IL1B, IL6, IL18, TNFα and IFN α/ß |
Neural tube defects, Hydrocephaly, Schizophrenia, Autism spectrum disorder |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV1) |
CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 |
Microglia |
TNFα, IFNα, IL6, IL8, IL1β, CCL2 and CCL5 |
Microcephaly, Slow neurodevelopment, Dementia, Increased risk of schizophrenia |
Polio virus |
Human poliovirus receptor (PVR) or CD155 |
Motor neuron cells in CNS |
IL6, IL8, CXCL10, IFNß |
Paralytic poliomyelitis |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) |
Choroid plexus cells, neurons |
IL17, IL1, IL6, TNFα, IL15, IFNγ |
Neurodevelopmental disorders? |
Japanese Ecephalitis Virus (JEV) |
Plasmalemma Vesicle Associated Protein (PLVAP), Gastrokine-3 precursor (Gkn3), C-Type Lectin Domain Containing 5A (CLEC5A), Heparansulfate, Glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), Scavenger receptor I |
Pyramidal neurons of the cerebrum, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum |
IFNα, IL8, RANTES, IL6 |
Encephalitis, Paralysis, Seizures, Inability to speak, Memory loss, Impaired cognition, and other Mental disorders |
Zika virus (ZKV) |
TAM (AXL), Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC SIGN), Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), Tyro 3 |
Neural Stem Cell (NSC), Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC) |
Il1Rα, IL2, IL9, IL15, IFNγ, CXCL10, CXCL9 |
Microcephaly, Autism spectrum disorder |
West Nile Virus (WNV) |
TLR3, C type lectins, T cell Ig- and mucin domain–containing, molecule (TIM), and Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM), Natural Killer p44 (NKP44) |
Neurons, Bovine microvascular endothelial (BMVE), Astrocytes, Microglia, Endothelial cell (EC) |
IL1β, IL2, TNFα |
Encephalitis, Depression, Memory loss and Motor dysfunction |
Dengue Virus (DENV) |
C-type lectin domain containing 5A (CLEC5A), TIM and TAM, Heparan sulfate, GRP78, Scavenger receptor I, Integrin αvβ3, Claudin 1, Nkp44, Laminin |
Neurons, Astrocytes |
IL8, IL13, MCP3, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF) IL10, MIP1B, IFNγ, TNFα, RANTES, IL6, IL10 |
Encephalopathy, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Myelitis, Neuritis brachialis, Stroke, Neuro thalamic complications acute hypokalemic paralysis |