Skip to main content
. 2021 Nov 10;15:771557. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.771557

TABLE 1.

Inflammatory signatures of viruses and their neurological outcomes.

Virus Host Cell entry receptor Major CNS cells affected Cytokine signature post infection Neurological consequences
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Platelet-Derived growth factor, Neuropilin2, Olfactory receptor 14I1, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Tetherin Neurons, Glia, Ependymal cells, Choroid plexus Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) IL8, TNFα, IL6, CXCL11/ITAC, and CCL5/Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), IL1B, IL10 Neurosensory loss, Focal encephalitis, Microcephaly, Seizures, Paralysis, Mental retardation, Autism spectrum disorder
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), Sialic- acid-binding Ig-like lectin, Non-muscle myosin heavy chain (NMHC)-IIA, Nectin 1 Hippocampal neurons, Brain stem neurons Macrophage inflammatory protein1a (MIP1a), IL1β, TNFα, IL6, IL8, CCL5, CXCL10 Necrotizing encephalitis, Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) CD21, CD35 Astrocytes and Microglia IL2, IFNγ, TNF, LTα, LTβ, CXCL10-CXCR3, CCL5-CCR5 Encephalitis, Meningitis, Cerebellitis, Polyradiculomyelitis, Transverse myelitis, Cranial and Peripheral neuropathies, Schizophrenia, Psychiatric abnormalities
Varicella-zoster virus Mannose-6-phosphate receptor, Myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) Neurons IL1, IL6, IL8, and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) Aseptic meningitis, Encephalitis, Cerebral infarction associated with granulomatous vasculitis, Myelitis, and Cranial polyneuropathy.
Rubella virus Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAMF1), CD46 Astrocytes, Neural progenitor cells IL1β, IL6, TNFα Congenital Rubella syndrome, Microcephaly, Encephalitis, Panencephalitis, Autism spectrum disorder
Mumps virus Trisaccharide containing -2,3-linked sialic acid Ependymal cells that line the ventricles, pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus TNFα, IL6, MCP1, CXCL10 Encephalitis, Aseptic meningitis
Influenza virus Sialic acids (SAs) of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids Hippocampal neurons in the CA1 and dentate gyrus IL8, RANTES, MCP1, MCP3, MIP1α, IFNG induced protein 10 (IP-10) IL8, IL1B, IL6, IL18, TNFα and IFN α/ß Neural tube defects, Hydrocephaly, Schizophrenia, Autism spectrum disorder
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV1) CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 Microglia TNFα, IFNα, IL6, IL8, IL1β, CCL2 and CCL5 Microcephaly, Slow neurodevelopment, Dementia, Increased risk of schizophrenia
Polio virus Human poliovirus receptor (PVR) or CD155 Motor neuron cells in CNS IL6, IL8, CXCL10, IFNß Paralytic poliomyelitis
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) Choroid plexus cells, neurons IL17, IL1, IL6, TNFα, IL15, IFNγ Neurodevelopmental disorders?
Japanese Ecephalitis Virus (JEV) Plasmalemma Vesicle Associated Protein (PLVAP), Gastrokine-3 precursor (Gkn3), C-Type Lectin Domain Containing 5A (CLEC5A), Heparansulfate, Glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), Scavenger receptor I Pyramidal neurons of the cerebrum, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum IFNα, IL8, RANTES, IL6 Encephalitis, Paralysis, Seizures, Inability to speak, Memory loss, Impaired cognition, and other Mental disorders
Zika virus (ZKV) TAM (AXL), Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC SIGN), Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), Tyro 3 Neural Stem Cell (NSC), Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC) Il1Rα, IL2, IL9, IL15, IFNγ, CXCL10, CXCL9 Microcephaly, Autism spectrum disorder
West Nile Virus (WNV) TLR3, C type lectins, T cell Ig- and mucin domain–containing, molecule (TIM), and Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM), Natural Killer p44 (NKP44) Neurons, Bovine microvascular endothelial (BMVE), Astrocytes, Microglia, Endothelial cell (EC) IL1β, IL2, TNFα Encephalitis, Depression, Memory loss and Motor dysfunction
Dengue Virus (DENV) C-type lectin domain containing 5A (CLEC5A), TIM and TAM, Heparan sulfate, GRP78, Scavenger receptor I, Integrin αvβ3, Claudin 1, Nkp44, Laminin Neurons, Astrocytes IL8, IL13, MCP3, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor(GM-CSF) IL10, MIP1B, IFNγ, TNFα, RANTES, IL6, IL10 Encephalopathy, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Myelitis, Neuritis brachialis, Stroke, Neuro thalamic complications acute hypokalemic paralysis