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. 2021 Nov 10;12:737065. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737065

Figure 1.

Figure 1

DMF suppressed inflammasome-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and HMGB-1. N9 microglia were pretreated with DMF (10 µM) for 1hour, primed with UP-LPS (1000 ng/ml) for 4 hours, and followed by ATP (5 mM) for 1 hour. (A, B) Pretreatment with DMF decreased the protein and mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-18, and HMGB-1. The protein levels of IL-1β, IL-18 were evaluated with ELISA. (C, D) mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were detected with qRT-PCR. (E–H) The expression of pro-IL-1β, IL-18, and their secretion along with HMGB-1 in supernatants were assessed by Western blot. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M, n = 5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p<0,0001 compared to control and #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p<0,001 compared to LPS and ATP induced cells.