Figure 3.

DMF attenuated GSDMD cleavage and subsequent pyroptotic cell death. N9 microglia were pretreated with DMF (10 μM) for 1h, primed with UP-LPS (1000 ng/ml) for 4 hours, and followed by ATP (5 mM) for 1 hour. DMF pretreatment inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome-induced GSDMD cleavage and pyroptotic cell death in N9 microglia. (A, C, D) Changes in pyroptotic cell death were evaluated with the LDH assay and PI staining (Red staining – PI). (B) The effect of DMF on cell viability was measured with the CCK-8 assay. (E, F) GSDMD expression and its cleavage were detected with Western blot. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M, n = 5. **p < 0.01 compared to control and ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.01 compared to LPS and ATP induced cells.