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. 2021 Nov 10;12:737065. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737065

Figure 6.

Figure 6

DMF induced Nrf2 activity, and inhibition of Nrf2 activity ameliorated the protective effects of DMF against microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation. N9 microglia were treated with DMF (10 µM) for 1h or 3h. DMF induced the translocation of transcription factor Nrf2 into the nucleus and induced expression of Nrf2 target genes. (A, C, D) Translocation of Nrf2 was demonstrated with IF staining (Green staining – Nrf2, Blue staining – Hoechst) and Western blot. (B) mRNA levels of Nrf2 target genes were measured with qRT-PCR. (E–H) DMF reduced NLRP3 and Caspase-1 expression in microglia isolated from LPS-challenged mice (Red staining – Iba1, Green staining – Nlrp3/Caspase-1, Blue staining – Hoechst). Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M, n = 5. **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001 compared to control and ##p < 0.01, ####p < 0,0001 compared to LPS-challenged cells; $$$$p < 0,0001 compared to DMF pretreated cells.