Table 2.

The role of miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA in DR and their mechanisms through retinal pigment epithelial cell and targets.

ncRNA	Name	Dysregulation	Possible signaling pathways	Pathogenic functions	Reference
circRNA	circ_0084043	upregulated	miR-128-3p/TXNIP, Wnt/β-Catenin; miR-140-3p/TGFA	promote viability inhibition, apoptosis promotion, and inflammatory response of RPEs; promote cell apoptosis of RPEs	(74, 75)
	circ_0000615	upregulated	miR-646/YAP1	promote cell apoptosis, inflammation oxidative stress of RPEs	(76)
	has_circ_0041795	upregulated	miR-646/VEGFC	promote cell apoptosis of RPEs	(9)
	circ-ITCH	downregulated	MMP-2, MMP-9, miR-22	inhibit the neovascularization and inflammation of RPEs	(77)
lncRNA	lncRNA HOTAIR	upregulated	VEGF-A	promote oxidative stress and modulating epigenetic of RPEs	(78)
	LncRNA BDNF-AS	upregulated	BDNF	promote apoptosis of RPEs	(79)
	LncRNA Gas5	downregulated	SERCA2	inhibit ER stress, apoptosis and inflammation of RPEs	(80)
	LncRNA MEG3	downregulated	miR-34a/SIRT1; VEGF	inhibit apoptosis and secretion of inflammation cytokines of RPEs; inhibit development of diabetic retinopathy of RPEs	(81)
miRNA	miR-132	upregulated	occludin, JAK/STA T3	promotes regulate cell viability, mobility and permeability of RPEs	(82)
	miR-219−5p	upregulated	LRH-1/Wnt/β-Catenin	promote apoptosis of RPEs	(83)
	miR-203a-3p	upregulated	SOCS3	promote apoptosis of RPEs	(84)
	miR-423-5p	upregulated	NFE2/miR-423-5p/TFF1	promote apoptosis of RPEs	(84)
	miR−217	upregulated	SirT1	promote apoptosis of RPEs	(85)
	miR-125b	downregulated	HK2	inhibit apoptosis of RPEs	(86)
	miR-200-3p	downregulated	TGF-β2/Smad	inhibit cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis of RPEs	(87)
	miR-411	downregulated	ROBO4	inhibit apoptosis of RPEs	(88)
	miR-146a-5p	downregulated	ROBO4	inhibit decreased cell viability, enhanced permeability, and increased cell migration of RPEs	(89)
	miR-455-5p	downregulated	SOCS3	inhibit oxidative stress of RPEs	(84)