TABLE 4.

Study of functional foods in fruits and vegetables using biotechnological approaches.

S. No	Crop	Functional food	Gene	Methodology	References
1	Orange	Lycopene	Carotenoid and MEP pathway genes	Mutation breeding	Alquezar et al. (2008)
2	Pummelo	Naringin	Naringin	In vitro and In vivo studies followed by molecular docking	Cheng et al. (2020)
3	Apple	Astaxanthin	bkt and crtR-B genes	Transgenics	Jia et al. (2019)
		Flavanols, anthocyanins and hydroxycinnammic acid	79 QTLs identified for 17 polyphenolic content	QTL mapping and candidate gene mapping	Chagné et al., 2012
4	Grapes	Flavonols, anthocyanin and tannins	VviGST1, VviGST3, and VviGST4	Transgenic	Pérez-Díaz et al. (2016)
5	Watermelon	Lycopene	2 candidate genes Cla005011 and Cla005012	MAS	Wang et al. (2019a)
6	Walnut	Walnut Protein Hydrolysate (WPH)	Walnut Protein Hydrolysate (WPH)	Invitro and In vivo studies	Wang et al. (2019b)
7	Strawberry	Total flavonoids	7 QTLs and 2 candidate genes (FaMYB1 and FaF3′H) controlling flavonoid content identified	QTL analysis and Expression studies	Karmakar et al. (2020)
8	Tomato	Anthocyanin	Anthocyanin 1 (ANT1)	TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 achieved gene	Čermák et al. (2015)
		Anthocyanin	Phytoene desaturase (SlPDS),	CRISPR/Cas9	Pan et al. (2016)
		Lycopene	Lycopene β/ε -Cyclase	RNAi technology and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation	Ma et al. (2011)
		Carotenoid	Brassicajuncea3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme asynthase (BjHMGS)	Mutation breeding	Galpaz et al., 2008, Liao et al. (2018)
		Carotenoids, Vit-C, Vit-E and Phenolic acids	7 QTLs for carotenoids, 6 for Vit-C, 5 for Vit-E, 3 for Glutathione, and a total of 43 QTLs for phenolic acids were identified	QTL mapping	Colak et al. (2020)
9	Cabbage	Anthocyanin	Purple (Pr) gene (flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and leucoanthocyanidindioxygenase)	Transgenics	Chiu et al. (2010)
10	Carrot	Carotenoid	DCAR 032551 gene	Genome assembly and Transcriptomics	Iorizzo et al. (2016)
11	Bell pepper	Alkaloid compound- Capsaicinoids	Deaminase (TD) and prephenate aminotransferase enzyme identified	de novo transcriptome assembly	Liu et al., 2013, Bennett and Kirby, 1968
12	Potato	Essential amino acid-rich protein and rich in methionine	AmA1	Transgenics	Chakraborty et al. (2010)
		Inulin producing	Constitutive expression of the 1-SST and 1-FFT (genes of globe artichoke)	Transgenics	Hellwege et al. (2000)
		β-carotene and lutein rich	crtB gene	Transgenics	Ducreux et al. (2005)
13	Chilli	β-carotene	lycopene beta-cyclase (β-Lcy) gene	Transgenics	El Nagar, (2018)
14	Brinjal	β-carotene	crtB gene	Transgenics	Mishiba et al. (2020)
16	Sweet potato	α-tocopherol	tocopherol cyclase (IbTC)	Transgenics	Kim et al. (2019)
17	Broccoli	Sulforaphane	MAM1, myrosinase and FMOGS–OX2 genes	Transgenics	Cao et al. (2021)