Table 3.
Differences in patient characteristics and EVD management between patients with and without EVD associated infections.
| Variable | Number of patients (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infection | No-infection | P-value | |
| Total number of patients (n = 396) | 32 (8.1%) | 364 (91.9%) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male (n = 176) | 16 (50%) | 160 (44%) | NS |
| Female (n = 220) | 16 (50%) | 204 (56%) | NS |
| Mean age in years (range) | 52.9 (20–73) | 54.4 (18–89) | NS |
| EVD from another hospital (n = 17) | 4 (12.5%) | 13 (3.6%) | 0.04* |
| EVD implantation at | |||
| OR (n = 171) | 13 (40.6%) | 155 (42.6%) | NS |
| ICU (n = 225) | 19 (59.4%) | 209 (57.4%) | NS |
| Indication for EVD | |||
| SAH (n = 262) | 22 (68.8%) | 240 (65.9%) | NS |
| Tumor (n = 43) | 2 (6.3%) | 41 (11.3%) | NS |
| Trauma (n = 8) | 0 | 8 (2.2%) | NS |
| ICH (n = 68) | 8 (25%) | 60 (16.5%) | NS |
| Other (n = 15) | 0 | 15 (4.1%) | NS |
| Surgeon's experience | |||
| Consultant (n = 198) | 13 (40.6%) | 185 (50.8%) | NS |
| Resident (n = 198) | 19 (59.4%) | 179 (49.2%) | NS |
| Type 2 diabetes (n = 38) | 1 (3.1%) | 37 (10.2%) | NS |
| Immunosuppression or use of steroids (n = 47) | 5 (15.6%) | 42 (11.5%) | NS |
| Mean operating time in minutes (SD) | 50.9 (53.6) | 52.6 (57.3) | NS |
| Mean operating time of EVD insertion alone in minutes (SD) | 35.2 (15) | 37.3 (16.2) | NS |
| Postoperative prophylactic antibiotics (n = 349) | 26 (81.3%) | 323 (88.7%) | NS |
| Treated systemic infection (n = 300) | 25 (78.1%) | 275 (75.5%) | NS |
| Multiple EVDs at EVD insertion (n = 37) | 4 (12.5%) | 33 (9.1%) | NS |
| Multiple EVDs during total period of catheterization (n = 103) | 18 (56.3%) | 85 (23.4%) | <0.001*** |
| Number of EVDs before infection (range) | 1.5 (1–4) | 1.4 (1–4) | NS |
| Mean CSF sampling frequency during the total period of EVD treatment (range) | 12.2 (2–52) | 6.8 (1–25) | <0.001*** |
| Mean CSF sampling frequency before infection (range) | 7.1 (1–30) | 6.8 (1–25) | NS |
| Mean ratio of sampling frequency and duration of catheterization before infection (range) | 0.6 (0.17–1) | 0.46 (0.1–1.17) | <0.001*** |
| Mean duration of catheterization in days (range) | 25.6 (7–163) | 15.7 (2–55) | 0.012* |
| Mean duration of catheterization of first EVD in days (range) | 14 (1–70) | 12.6 (0–55) | NS |
| Reinsertion frequency after first EVD during total period of catheterization (range) | 1.7 (1–4) | 1.1 (1–3) | <0.001*** |
Values are expressed as numbers (%) or as mean (range).
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EVD, external ventricular drainage; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; ICU, intensive care unit; NS, not significant; OR, operating room; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SD, standard deviation.
*
p ≤ 0.05,
***
p ≤ 0.001.
Statistically significant values are in bold.