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. 2021 Nov 11;12:733921. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733921

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subunit 1 (rS1) mediates immunometabolic activation of monocytes. (A) Monocytes increase extracellular acidification response rate (ECAR) in a dose-dependent manner when treated with rS1. (B) Quantification of ECAR by area under the curve (AUC). (C) rS1 treatment suppresses oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in monocytes in a dose-dependent fashion. (D) Quantification of OCR by AUC. (E) Gene expression analysis by qPCR reveals dose-dependent increases in responses of IL1B, IL6, CXCL8, and TNF to rS1 stimulation. (F) Protein expression analysis by ELISA reveals dose-dependent increases in responses of IL-6 and TNFα to rS1 stimulation. ECAR and OCR data in panels A-D are adjusted for values indexed to 1×105 cells/well. *, **, ***p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 vs. 0 nM rS1. †, ††, †††: p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 vs. 10 nM rS1. N = 8 biological replicates. Bars and error bars are mean ± SEM.