Table 1.
Sample characteristics, univariate, and multivariate analyses.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic |
Total
(N = 4,535) n %† |
Accept vaccine
(N = 3,859) n %†† |
Reject vaccine
(N = 676) n%†† |
ORa | 95% CIa | p-value | q-valueb | ORa | 95% CIa | p-value |
| Gender | 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||||||
| Female | 2,983 (65.8%) | 2,577 (86.4%) | 406 (13.6%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Male | 1,527 (33.7%) | 1,264 (82.8%) | 263 (17.2%) | 1.32 | 1.11, 1.56 | 1.23 | 0.94, 1.61 | 0.13 | ||
| Other genders | 25 (0.6%) | 18 (72.0%) | 7 (28.0%) | 2.47 | 0.95, 5.70 | 1.05 | 0.25, 4.03 | >0.9 | ||
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 18–34 | 149 (3.3%) | 122 (81.9%) | 27 (18.1%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| 35–54 | 1,375 (30.3%) | 1,096 (79.7%) | 279 (20.3%) | 1.15 | 0.75, 1.81 | 1.14 | 0.57, 2.34 | 0.7 | ||
| 55–69 | 2,222 (49.0%) | 1,914 (86.1%) | 308 (13.9%) | 0.73 | 0.48, 1.14 | 0.96 | 0.47, 2.03 | >0.9 | ||
| 70+ | 789 (17.4%) | 727 (92.1%) | 62 (7.9%) | 0.39 | 0.24, 0.64 | 0.55 | 0.24, 1.30 | 0.2 | ||
| Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| School | 878 (19.4%) | 709 (80.8%) | 169 (19.2%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Further | 1,173 (25.9%) | 980 (83.5%) | 193 (16.5%) | 0.83 | 0.66, 1.04 | 1.06 | 0.74, 1.51 | 0.7 | ||
| Higher | 2,484 (54.8%) | 2,170 (87.4%) | 314 (12.6%) | 0.61 | 0.49, 0.75 | 1.29 | 0.92, 1.81 | 0.14 | ||
| Employment | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Full time | 1,275 (28.1%) | 1,036 (81.3%) | 239 (18.7%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Part time | 774 (17.1%) | 651 (84.1%) | 123 (15.9%) | 0.82 | 0.64, 1.04 | 1 | 0.70, 1.43 | >0.9 | ||
| Retired | 1,987 (43.8%) | 1,789 (90.0%) | 198 (10.0%) | 0.48 | 0.39, 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.43, 0.92 | 0.016 | ||
| Student | 65 (1.4%) | 53 (81.5%) | 12 (18.5%) | 0.98 | 0.49, 1.80 | 1.8 | 0.66, 4.53 | 0.2 | ||
| Homemaker | 231 (5.1%) | 171 (74.0%) | 60 (26.0%) | 1.52 | 1.09, 2.10 | 1.29 | 0.79, 2.09 | 0.3 | ||
| Unemployed | 203 (4.5%) | 159 (78.3%) | 44 (21.7%) | 1.2 | 0.83, 1.71 | 0.68 | 0.38, 1.18 | 0.2 | ||
| Disabled | 0.003 | 0.005 | ||||||||
| No | 4,044 (89.2%) | 3,464 (85.7%) | 580 (14.3%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Yes | 491 (10.8%) | 395 (80.4%) | 96 (19.6%) | 1.45 | 1.14, 1.84 | 1.44 | 0.96, 2.14 | 0.071 | ||
| Ethnicity | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||||||||
| White | 4,388 (96.8%) | 3,748 (85.4%) | 640 (14.6%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Ethnic minority | 147 (3.2%) | 111 (75.5%) | 36 (24.5%) | 1.9 | 1.28, 2.76 | 1.23 | 0.65, 2.24 | 0.5 | ||
| COVID-19 symptoms | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 3,525 (77.7%) | 3,037 (86.2%) | 488 (13.8%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Yes | 1,010 (22.3%) | 822 (81.4%) | 188 (18.6%) | 1.42 | 1.18, 1.71 | 1.15 | 0.86, 1.51 | 0.3 | ||
| Believes UK government is making good decisions about COVID-19 control | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Yes | 982 (21.7%) | 929 (94.6%) | 53 (5.4%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| No | 3,553 (78.3%) | 2,930 (82.5%) | 623 (17.5%) | 3.73 | 2.82, 5.04 | 1.63 | 1.08, 2.48 | 0.021 | ||
| Believes UK government tells the truth about COVID-19 and Coronavirus | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Always | 195 (4.3%) | 183 (93.8%) | 12 (6.2%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Mostly | 1,581 (34.9%) | 1,526 (96.5%) | 55 (3.5%) | 0.55 | 0.30, 1.09 | 0.6 | 0.29, 1.32 | 0.2 | ||
| Sometimes | 1,415 (31.2%) | 1,272 (89.9%) | 143 (10.1%) | 1.71 | 0.97, 3.32 | 1.65 | 0.81, 3.65 | 0.2 | ||
| Almost never | 842 (18.6%) | 641 (76.1%) | 201 (23.9%) | 4.78 | 2.72, 9.23 | 4.79 | 2.31, 10.7 | <0.001 | ||
| Never | 502 (11.1%) | 237 (47.2%) | 265 (52.8%) | 17.1 | 9.66, 33.0 | 8.76 | 4.15, 19.9 | <0.001 | ||
| Overall health (Self-assessed) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Very good | 1,347 (29.7%) | 1,071 (79.5%) | 276 (20.5%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Good | 1,967 (43.4%) | 1,736 (88.3%) | 231 (11.7%) | 0.52 | 0.43, 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.48, 0.85 | 0.002 | ||
| Fair | 947 (20.9%) | 839 (88.6%) | 108 (11.4%) | 0.5 | 0.39, 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.31, 0.66 | <0.001 | ||
| Bad | 226 (5.0%) | 180 (79.6%) | 46 (20.4%) | 0.99 | 0.69, 1.40 | 0.63 | 0.36, 1.09 | 0.11 | ||
| Very bad | 48 (1.1%) | 33 (68.8%) | 15 (31.2%) | 1.76 | 0.92, 3.24 | 1 | 0.36, 2.58 | >0.9 | ||
| Signs of depression in last 4 weeks | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Not at all | 1,435 (31.6%) | 1,235 (86.1%) | 200 (13.9%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Several days | 1,730 (38.1%) | 1,535 (88.7%) | 195 (11.3%) | 0.78 | 0.64, 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.69, 1.29 | 0.7 | ||
| Half the days | 970 (21.4%) | 807 (83.2%) | 163 (16.8%) | 1.25 | 1.00, 1.56 | 1.09 | 0.77, 1.54 | 0.6 | ||
| Every day | 400 (8.8%) | 282 (70.5%) | 118 (29.5%) | 2.58 | 1.99, 3.35 | 1.27 | 0.82, 1.96 | 0.3 | ||
| Smoking in the last 4 weeks | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| None | 4,070 (89.7%) | 3,525 (86.6%) | 545 (13.4%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Light | 198 (4.4%) | 148 (74.7%) | 50 (25.3%) | 2.19 | 1.55, 3.03 | 1.33 | 0.78, 2.21 | 0.3 | ||
| Moderate | 208 (4.6%) | 150 (72.1%) | 58 (27.9%) | 2.5 | 1.81, 3.41 | 1.01 | 0.60, 1.66 | >0.9 | ||
| Heavy | 59 (1.3%) | 36 (61.0%) | 23 (39.0%) | 4.13 | 2.40, 6.98 | 2.84 | 1.25, 6.27 | 0.011 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 0.54 | 0.62 | ||||||||
| No | 4,448 (98.1%) | 3,783 (85.0%) | 665 (15.0%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 87 (1.9%) | 76 (87.4%) | 11 (12.6%) | 0.82 | 0.41, 1.49 | |||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 0.036 | 0.052 | ||||||||
| No | 4,044 (89.2%) | 3,426 (84.7%) | 618 (15.3%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 491 (10.8%) | 433 (88.2%) | 58 (11.8%) | 0.74 | 0.55, 0.98 | |||||
| Asthma | 0.3 | 0.38 | ||||||||
| No | 3,520 (77.6%) | 2,985 (84.8%) | 535 (15.2%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 1,015 (22.4%) | 874 (86.1%) | 141 (13.9%) | 0.9 | 0.73, 1.10 | |||||
| Lung disease | 0.25 | 0.33 | ||||||||
| No | 4,233 (93.3%) | 3,609 (85.3%) | 624 (14.7%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 302 (6.7%) | 250 (82.8%) | 52 (17.2%) | 1.2 | 0.87, 1.63 | |||||
| Cancer | 0.32 | 0.39 | ||||||||
| No | 4,029 (88.8%) | 3,421 (84.9%) | 608 (15.1%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 506 (11.2%) | 438 (86.6%) | 68 (13.4%) | 0.87 | 0.66, 1.14 | |||||
| Stroke | 0.12 | 0.17 | ||||||||
| No | 4,351 (95.9%) | 3,710 (85.3%) | 641 (14.7%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 184 (4.1%) | 149 (81.0%) | 35 (19.0%) | 1.36 | 0.92, 1.96 | |||||
| Heart disease | 0.73 | 0.76 | ||||||||
| No | 4,128 (91.0%) | 3,515 (85.2%) | 613 (14.8%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 407 (9.0%) | 344 (84.5%) | 63 (15.5%) | 1.05 | 0.79, 1.38 | |||||
| Hypertension | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 3,092 (68.2%) | 2,580 (83.4%) | 512 (16.6%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Yes | 1,443 (31.8%) | 1,279 (88.6%) | 164 (11.4%) | 0.65 | 0.53, 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.66, 1.21 | 0.5 | ||
| Obesity | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No | 3,755 (82.8%) | 3,161 (84.2%) | 594 (15.8%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Yes | 780 (17.2%) | 698 (89.5%) | 82 (10.5%) | 0.63 | 0.49, 0.79 | 0.99 | 0.69, 1.40 | >0.9 | ||
| Depression (doctor diagnosed) | 0.65 | 0.69 | ||||||||
| No | 3,058 (67.4%) | 2,597 (84.9%) | 461 (15.1%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 1,477 (32.6%) | 1,262 (85.4%) | 215 (14.6%) | 0.96 | 0.80, 1.14 | |||||
| Anxiety | 0.99 | 0.99 | ||||||||
| No | 3,192 (70.4%) | 2,716 (85.1%) | 476 (14.9%) | — | — | |||||
| Yes | 1,343 (29.6%) | 1,143 (85.1%) | 200 (14.9%) | 1 | 0.83, 1.19 | |||||
| General feelings about vaccines and vaccination | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| No vaccine concerns | 3,658 (80.7%) | 3,435 (93.9%) | 223 (6.1%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Vaccine concerns | 521 (11.5%) | 352 (67.6%) | 169 (32.4%) | 7.4 | 5.88, 9.29 | 3.56 | 2.67, 4.75 | <0.001 | ||
| Vaccine concerns and rejected vaccine offers | 356 (7.9%) | 72 (20.2%) | 284 (79.8%) | 60.8 | 45.6, 81.9 | 20.6 | 14.2, 30.3 | <0.001 | ||
| Previous flu vaccine behaviors | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Always/Usually gets flu vaccine | 2,725 (60.1%) | 2,610 (95.8%) | 115 (4.2%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Sometimes gets flu vaccine | 751 (16.6%) | 637 (84.8%) | 114 (15.2%) | 4.06 | 3.09, 5.34 | 1.89 | 1.34, 2.66 | <0.001 | ||
| Does not get flu vaccine | 1,059 (23.4%) | 612 (57.8%) | 447 (42.2%) | 16.6 | 13.3, 20.8 | 5.39 | 4.01, 7.29 | <0.001 | ||
| Household income | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Less than £15,000 | 595 (13.1%) | 467 (78.5%) | 128 (21.5%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| £15,000–£24,999 | 908 (20.0%) | 756 (83.3%) | 152 (16.7%) | 0.73 | 0.56, 0.95 | 0.66 | 0.44, 0.98 | 0.041 | ||
| £25,000–£39,999 | 1,183 (26.1%) | 1,011 (85.5%) | 172 (14.5%) | 0.62 | 0.48, 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.46, 1.03 | 0.068 | ||
| £40,000–£59,999 | 895 (19.7%) | 797 (89.1%) | 98 (10.9%) | 0.45 | 0.34, 0.60 | 0.41 | 0.26, 0.64 | <0.001 | ||
| £60,000–£99,999 | 684 (15.1%) | 595 (87.0%) | 89 (13.0%) | 0.55 | 0.40, 0.73 | 0.42 | 0.26, 0.68 | <0.001 | ||
| More than £100,000 | 270 (6.0%) | 233 (86.3%) | 37 (13.7%) | 0.58 | 0.38, 0.85 | 0.40 | 0.21, 0.75 | 0.005 | ||
| Suffered financial hardship during pandemic (Self-assessed) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| no | 3,591 (79.2%) | 3,140 (87.4%) | 451 (12.6%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| yes | 944 (20.8%) | 719 (76.2%) | 225 (23.8%) | 2.18 | 1.82, 2.60 | 1.02 | 0.76, 1.36 | 0.9 | ||
| Political opinions | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| Floating | 1,471 (32.4%) | 1,173 (79.7%) | 298 (20.3%) | — | — | — | — | |||
| Conservative | 1,080 (23.8%) | 853 (79.0%) | 227 (21.0%) | 1.05 | 0.86, 1.27 | 2.05 | 1.51, 2.80 | <0.001 | ||
| Liberal | 1,984 (43.7%) | 1,833 (92.4%) | 151 (7.6%) | 0.32 | 0.26, 0.40 | 0.3 | 0.22, 0.41 | <0.001 | ||
| Postcode area | 0.55 | 0.62 | ||||||||
| London | 436 (9.6%) | 374 (85.8%) | 62 (14.2%) | — | — | |||||
| East Midlands | 366 (8.1%) | 317 (86.6%) | 49 (13.4%) | 0.93 | 0.62, 1.39 | |||||
| East of England | 461 (10.2%) | 401 (87.0%) | 60 (13.0%) | 0.9 | 0.62, 1.32 | |||||
| North East | 361 (8.0%) | 314 (87.0%) | 47 (13.0%) | 0.9 | 0.60, 1.35 | |||||
| North West | 515 (11.4%) | 426 (82.7%) | 89 (17.3%) | 1.26 | 0.89, 1.80 | |||||
| Northern Ireland | 46 (1.0%) | 36 (78.3%) | 10 (21.7%) | 1.68 | 0.75, 3.44 | |||||
| Scotland | 316 (7.0%) | 260 (82.3%) | 56 (17.7%) | 1.3 | 0.87, 1.93 | |||||
| South East | 644 (14.2%) | 553 (85.9%) | 91 (14.1%) | 0.99 | 0.70, 1.41 | |||||
| South West | 482 (10.6%) | 409 (84.9%) | 73 (15.1%) | 1.08 | 0.75, 1.56 | |||||
| Wales | 263 (5.8%) | 226 (85.9%) | 37 (14.1%) | 0.99 | 0.63, 1.53 | |||||
| West Midlands | 345 (7.6%) | 291 (84.3%) | 54 (15.7%) | 1.12 | 0.75, 1.66 | |||||
| Unknown | 300 (6.6%) | 252 (84.0%) | 48 (16.0%) | 1.15 | 0.76, 1.73 | |||||
a
OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval;
b
False discovery rate correction for multiple testing;
†
% of total;
††
% of group.