Figure 5.

Effects of slow codon replacements on protein function. (A, B) WT E. coli (green) or a strain deficient in utilization of glutamine (ΔgdhA/ΔgltB, all other curves) were grown in minimal media in the presence (A) or absence (B) of 0.4% glutamine. Cells of the deletion strain were transformed with plasmids encoding the Fast or WT variants of gdhA, as indicated. Shown are mean values of 12 biological replicates, and error bars represent standard deviations. (C, D) WT E. coli cells (green) or a strain deficient in carbohydrate metabolism (ΔgltA, all other curves) were grown in minimal media supplemented with 0.4% Glucose (C) or 0.8% Acetate (D) as a sole carbon source. Cells of the deletion strain were transformed with plasmids encoding the Fast or WT variants of gltA, as indicated. Shown are mean values of 3 biological replicates, and error bars represent standard deviations