Table 2. Characteristics, outcomes, and procedures of patients with Clostridioides difficile infections, Hong Kong, China, 2015–2019*.
| Characteristic | Overall | CA-CDI | HA-CDI | Indeterminate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients |
17,105 |
1,025 (6.0) |
15,717 (91.9) |
363 (2.1) |
| Age, y | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 77 (63–86) | 74 (58–85) | 77 (63–86) | 78 (62–86) |
| <44 | 1,056 (6.2) | 138 (13.5) | 901 (5.7) | 17 (4.7) |
| 45–64 | 3,679 (21.5) | 221 (21.6) | 3,375 (21.5) | 83 (22.9) |
| 65–74 | 3,027 (17.7) | 173 (16.9) | 2,793 (17.8) | 61 (16.8) |
| 75–84 | 4,340 (25.4) | 207 (20.2) | 4,044 (25.7) | 89 (24.5) |
|
>85 |
5,003 (29.2) |
286 (27.9) |
4,604 (29.3) |
113 (31.1) |
| Sex | ||||
| M | 8,252 (48.2) | 442 (43.1) | 7,642 (48.6) | 168 (46.3) |
| F |
8,853 (51.8) |
583 (56.9) |
8,075 (51.4) |
195 (53.7) |
| Admission from OAH |
4,321 (25.3) |
209 (20.4) |
4,003 (25.5) |
109 (30.0) |
| IDSA-defined severe disease |
5,871 (35.8) |
295 (29.0) |
5,482 (36.5) |
94 (26.2) |
| Diagnostic test | ||||
| Bacterial culture | 8,191 (40.9) | 468 (39.4) | 7,560 (41.0) | 163 (38.6) |
| Nucleic acid amplification test | 8,994 (44.9) | 547 (46.0) | 8,261 (44.8) | 186 (44.1) |
| Toxin detection |
2,855 (14.2) |
173 (14.6) |
2,609 (14.2) |
73 (17.3) |
| Antimicrobial drug use | ||||
| High-risk drugs | 13,932 (81.4) | 272 (26.5) | 13,519 (86.0) | 141 (38.8) |
| Medium-risk drugs | 1,562 (9.1) | 23 (2.2) | 1,526 (9.7) | 13 (3.6) |
| Low-risk drugs | 4,286 (25.1) | 17 (1.7) | 4,257 (27.1) | 12 (3.3) |
| Broad-spectrum drugs |
10,147 (59.3) |
94 (9.2) |
9,986 (63.5) |
67 (18.5) |
| Use of other drugs | ||||
| Proton pump inhibitor | 10,614 (62.1) | 201 (19.6) | 10,255 (65.2) | 158 (43.5) |
| H2 antagonist | 4,950 (28.9) | 158 (15.4) | 4,722 (30.0) | 70 (19.3) |
| Corticosteroid |
4,477 (26.2) |
81 (7.9) |
4,350 (27.7) |
46 (12.7) |
| Underlying conditions | ||||
| Myocardial infarction | 1,212 (7.1) | 37 (3.6) | 1,144 (7.3) | 31 (8.5) |
| Congestive heart failure | 2,407 (14.1) | 64 (6.2) | 2,292 (14.6) | 51 (14.0) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 556 (3.3) | 10 (1.0) | 536 (3.4) | 10 (2.8) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3,051 (17.8) | 91 (8.9) | 2,887 (18.4) | 73 (20.1) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1,937 (11.3) | 84 (8.2) | 1,806 (11.5) | 47 (12.9) |
| Mild liver disease | 338 (2.0) | 18 (1.8) | 301 (1.9) | 19 (5.2) |
| Severe liver disease | 243 (1.4) | 11 (1.1) | 221 (1.4) | 11 (3.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3,624 (21.2) | 131 (12.8) | 3,414 (21.7) | 79 (21.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus with complications | 1,492 (8.7) | 44 (4.3) | 1,406 (8.9) | 42 (11.6) |
| Moderate/severe kidney disease | 3,363 (19.7) | 94 (9.2) | 3,178 (20.2) | 91 (25.1) |
| Nonmetastatic cancer | 3,403 (19.9) | 75 (7.3) | 3,268 (20.8) | 60 (16.5) |
| Metastatic cancer | 970 (5.7) | 21 (2.0) | 932 (5.9) | 17 (4.7) |
| HIV | 16 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 0 |
| Paraplegia | 356 (2.1) | 12 (1.2) | 336 (2.1) | 8 (2.2) |
| Connective tissue disease | 174 (1.0) | 15 (1.5) | 152 (1.0) | 7 (1.9) |
| Dementia | 863 (5.0) | 47 (4.6) | 793 (5.0) | 23 (6.3) |
| Peptic ulcer |
867 (5.1) |
24 (2.3) |
826 (5.3) |
17 (4.7) |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Episode death | 3,220 (18.8) | 73 (7.1) | 3,117 (19.8) | 30 (8.3) |
| 30-day mortality | 3,225 (18.9) | 87 (8.5) | 3,100 (19.7) | 38 (10.5) |
| 60-day mortality | 4,738 (27.7) | 117 (11.4) | 4,562 (29.0) | 59 (16.3) |
| 30-day recurrence | 1,968 (11.5) | 0 | 1,947 (12.4) | 21 (5.8) |
| Refractory disease |
2,155 (12.6) |
59 (5.8) |
2,064 (13.1) |
32 (8.8) |
| Procedures | ||||
| Partial colectomy | 3 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.0) | 0 |
| Left colectomy | 3 (0.0) | 0 | 3 (0.0) | 0 |
| Right colectomy | 6 (0.0) | 0 | 6 (0.0) | 0 |
| Sigmoid colectomy | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 (0.0) | 0 |
| Total colectomy | 4 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.0) | 0 |
| Fecal microbiota transplant | 3 (0.0) | 0 | 3 (0.0) | 0 |
*Values are no. (%) patients except as indicated. CA-CDI, community-associated Clostridioides difficile infection; HA-CDI, healthcare-associated Clostridioides difficile infection; IDSA, Infectious Diseases Society of America; IQR, interquartile range; OAH, old age home.