Table 3. Logistic regression analysis of potential independent variables associated with 30-day mortality for Clostridioides difficile infection, Hong Kong, China, 2015–2019*.
| Variable | Univariate |
Multivariate |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Age, y | |||||
| <44 | Referent | NA | Referent | NA | |
| 45–64 | 3.115 (2.301–4.322) | <0.001 | 2.458 (1.794–3.449) | <0.001 | |
| 65–74 | 4.203 (3.105–5.829) | <0.001 | 3.203 (2.334–4.502) | <0.001 | |
| 75–84 | 6.237 (4.643–8.595) | <0.001 | 5.384 (3.944–7.531) | <0.001 | |
|
>85 |
7.986 (5.959–10.986) |
<0.001 |
|
7.633 (5.583–10.70) |
<0.001 |
| Male sex |
1.124 (1.041–1.213) |
0.0029 |
|
1.221 (1.121–1.330) |
<0.001 |
| IDSA-defined severe disease |
2.296 (2.121–2.486) |
<0.001 |
|
2.159 (1.986–2.347) |
<0.001 |
| Healthcare-associated disease |
2.483 (2.066–3.010) |
<0.001 |
|
1.378 (1.119–1.708) |
0.003 |
| Admission from OAH | 1.716 (1.579–1.864) | <0.001 | 1.327 (1.203–1.463) | <0.001 | |
| Diagnostic test | |||||
| Bacterial culture | Referent | NA | Referent | NA | |
| Nucleic acid amplification test | 1.070 (0.991–1.157) | 0.0845 | 1.046 (0.962–1.138) | 0.294 | |
| Toxin detection |
0.995 (0.669–1.438) |
0.9799 |
|
0.904 (0.592–1.343) |
0.629 |
| Antimicrobial drug use | |||||
| High-risk drugs | 2.243 (1.990–2.534) | <0.001 | 0.753 (0.603–0.939) | 0.012 | |
| Medium-risk drugs | 1.021 (0.893–1.164) | 0.7602 | 1.988 (0.653–8.670) | 0.281 | |
| Low-risk drugs | 1.193 (1.094–1.300) | 0.0001 | 0.841 (0.647–1.092) | 0.193 | |
| Broad-spectrum drugs | 1.673 (1.542–1.817) | <0.001 | 1.402 (1.244–1.581) | <0.001 | |
| Aminoglycosides | 0.907 (0.773–1.059) | 0.2223 | 1.026 (0.825–1.272) | 0.815 | |
| Beta-lactamase inhibitor | 2.276 (2.063–2.516) | <0.001 | 1.465 (1.047–2.052) | 0.026 | |
| Carbapenem | 1.229 (1.118–1.349) | <0.001 | 1.233 (0.967–1.571) | 0.091 | |
| Cephalosporin | 1.180 (1.087–1.279) | 0.0001 | 0.936 (0.848–1.033) | 0.187 | |
| Lincosamides | 0.901 (0.554–1.400) | 0.6580 | 1.126 (0.674–1.800) | 0.634 | |
| Macrolides | 1.411 (1.201–1.650) | <0.001 | 0.604 (0.140–1.812) | 0.425 | |
| Penicillin | 2.208 (2.003–2.438) | <0.001 | 1.165 (0.840–1.624) | 0.362 | |
| Quinolones | 1.115 (1.020–1.218) | 0.0161 | 0.939 (0.843–1.045) | 0.251 | |
| Sulphonamides | 0.588 (0.465–0.734) | <0.001 | 0.395 (0.092–1.167) | 0.138 | |
| Tetracyclines |
1.291 (1.081–1.534) |
0.0043 |
|
1.219 (0.955–1.548) |
0.108 |
| Use of other drugs | |||||
| Proton pump inhibitor | 1.614 (1.486–1.755) | <0.001 | 1.182 (1.073–1.304) | <0.001 | |
| H2 antagonist | 1.237 (1.136–1.346) | <0.001 | 1.225 (1.109–1.353) | <0.001 | |
| Corticosteroid |
0.954 (0.876–1.038) |
0.2759 |
|
0.919 (0.835–1.010) |
0.080 |
| Underlying conditions | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | 1.268 (1.100–1.457) | 0.0009 | 1.022 (0.871–1.195) | 0.791 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.632 (1.475–1.804) | <0.001 | 1.358 (1.208–1.525) | <0.001 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.218 (0.989–1.489) | 0.0588 | 0.980 (0.781–1.221) | 0.859 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.204 (1.092–1.325) | 0.0002 | 1.021 (0.911–1.143) | 0.722 | |
| Nonmetastatic cancer | 1.498 (1.368–1.638) | <0.001 | 1.657 (1.468–1.869) | <0.001 | |
| Metastatic cancer | 2.827 (2.466–3.237) | <0.001 | 2.627 (2.209–3.124) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.267 (1.157–1.386) | <0.001 | 1.052 (0.948–1.168) | 0.339 | |
| Diabetes mellitus with complications | 1.226 (1.076–1.394) | 0.0020 | 1.205 (1.029–1.409) | 0.020 | |
| Mild liver disease | 1.005 (0.758–1.314) | 0.9694 | 1.192 (0.829–1.690) | 0.333 | |
| Severe liver disease | 1.204 (0.878–1.623) | 0.2360 | 1.643 (1.090–2.451) | 0.016 | |
| Peptic ulcer | 1.283 (1.087–1.508) | 0.0029 | 1.060 (0.885–1.264) | 0.523 | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.302 (1.161–1.459) | <0.001 | 1.006 (0.883–1.144) | 0.926 | |
| Moderate/severe kidney disease | 1.203 (1.095–1.320) | 0.0001 | 1.383 (1.231–1.553) | <0.001 | |
| Connective tissue disease | 0.556 (0.338–0.865) | 0.0139 | 0.970 (0.573–1.563) | 0.904 | |
| Paraplegia | 1.152 (0.885–1.482) | 0.2810 | 1.054 (0.779–1.410) | 0.726 | |
| Dementia | 1.364 (1.158–1.600) | 0.0002 | 1.033 (0.864–1.231) | 0.718 | |
| HIV | 0.287 (0.016–1.415) | 0.2253 | 0.562 (0.030–3.080) | 0.590 | |
*IDSA, Infectious Diseases Society of America; NA, not applicable; OAH, old age home.