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Live Attenuated Virus (LAV)
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Intrinsic ability to stimulate immune responses that involve both innate and adaptive immunity.
Allows viral entrance to host cell, as well as replication.
A single dose is often enough to stimulate the immune response. |
The virus can recover virulence and cause disease.
Extensive testing regarding safety and efficacy.
Cannot be given to immunocompromised people. |
o Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University/Acıbadem Labmed Health Services A.S. o Codagenix/Serum Institute of India o Indian Immunologicals Ltd/Griffith University o Meissa Vaccines, Inc.
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Inactivated Virus
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Safer compared to LAVs, as it does not cause disease.
Can be given to immunocompromised people. |
Immunogenicity is weaker than LAVs.
Requires multiple boosters in order to maintain immunogenicity. |
o Sinovac o Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm o Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm o Bharat Biotech o Institute of Medical Biology + Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences o Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan o Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd. o Valneva, National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom o Erciyes University, Turkey o Shifa Pharmed Industrial Co o The Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO); PATH; Dynavax o Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research o Kocak Farma, Turkey o The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBITAK) o KM Biologics Co., Ltd. o Laboratorio Avi-Mex
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Viral Vectors
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High efficacy in gene transduction.
Highly specific in gene delivery to specific host cells. |
Immune responses against vectors are possible.
Possible integration into the host genome. |
o University of Oxford/AstraZeneca o CanSino o Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology o Gamaleya Research Institute o Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies o ReiThera/LEUKOCARE/Univercells o Institute Pasteur/Themis/Univ. of Pittsburg CVR/Merck Sharp & Dohme o Vaxart o University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians) o Merck & Co. + Themis + Sharp & Dohme + Institute Pasteur + University of Pittsburgh o University of Hong Kong, Xiamen University and Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy o Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute o City of Hope Medical Center + National Cancer Institute o Israel Institute for Biological Research o Aivita Biomedical, Inc. National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia o Bharat Biotech International Limited o Gritstone Oncology o Institute of Vaccines and Medical Biologicals, Vietnam o Tetherex Pharmaceuticals Corporation o German Center for Infection Research o CyanVac LLC
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Protein Subunit
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No live viral particles, thus is much safer and causes fewer side-effects.
Can be given to immunocompromised people. |
Long-term immunity is not definite.
Multiple doses are needed. |
o Novavax o Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology o Chinese Academy of Sciences o Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc o Sanofi Pasteur/GSK o Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax o Vaxine Pty Ltd./CinnaGen Co. o Medigen Vaccine Biologics + Dynavax + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) o Instituto Finlay de Vacunas o Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” o West China Hospital + Sichuan University o University Hospital Tuebingen o Vaxxinity o Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) o Biological E. Limited o Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology o Shionogi o University Medical Center Groningen + Akston Biosciences Inc. o University of Saskatchewan o The University of Queensland o Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) o POP Biotechnologies and EuBiologics Co.,Ltd o Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention/Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention o National Vaccine and Serum Institute, China o OSE Immunotherapeutics o USSF/Vaxform o Bagheiat-allah University of Medical Sciences o Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd. o Clover Biopharmaceuticals AUS Pty Ltd o Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology + Walvax Biotechnology + CEPI o Laboratorios Hipra, S.A.
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Nucleic Acid based
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Does not require handling infectious viral particles.
DNA is temperature stable.
mRNA is translated in cytosol, which prevents the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome. |
Immune responses are not as potent.
DNA insertion may cause abnormalities to the host genome.
RNA is not temperature stable.
Limited protein immunogens. |
o Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute o Osaka University/AnGes/Takara Bio o Cadila Healthcare Limited o Genexine Consortium o Moderna/NIAID o BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer o Curevac o Arcturus/Duke-NUS o AnGes + Takara Bio + Osaka University o Zydus Cadila o Genexine Consortium o Arcturus Therapeutics o Imperial College London o Academy of Military Science (AMS), Walvax Biotechnology and Suzhou Abogen Biosciences o Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc. o Providence Health & Services o Chulalongkorn University o Symvivo Corporation o GeneOne Life Science, Inc. o University of Sydney, Bionet Co., Ltd Technovalia o Takis + Rottapharm Biotech o Providence Therapeutics o GlaxoSmithKline o Sanofi Pasteur and Translate Bio o Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. o SENAI CIMATEC o ModernaTX, Inc. o Elixirgen Therapeutics, Inc o Shanghai East Hospital and Stemirna Therapeutics o MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit o AnGes, Inc
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BCG
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Stimulates trained immunity.
Elicits protection amongst many pathogens, not limited to mycobacteria pathogens.
Long term immunity |
Minimal evidence for protection against COVID-19
May not prevent infection |
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