Figure 1.

TNEA treatment improved spatial learning memory and contextual fear memory in 5XFAD mice. (A) Experimental procedures. EA: electroacupuncture; MWM: Morris water maze; FC: fear conditioning; WB: western blotting; IHC: immunohistochemistry. (B) EA treatment demonstrating the position of acupoints (GV24 and bilateral GB13), insertion of needles and connection to an electrical stimulator. (C-F) Morris water maze. (C) Representative moving patterns of mice in each group. (D) Quantification of escape latencies (mean ± SEM) in each group (male, n = 12–17). ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 vs. wild-type (WT); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. 5XFAD; 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test. (E) Quantification of times spent in the target quadrant (mean ± SEM, male, n = 12–17) during the probe trial. (F) Quantification of number of platform crossed (mean ± SEM, male, n = 12–17) during probe trial. ^###p < 0.001 vs. WT, **p < 0.01 vs. 5XFAD analyzed by one‐way ANOVA. (G) Fear conditioning. The percentage of freezing in contextual and cued test was quantified (mean ± SEM, male, n = 12–17). ^##p < 0.01 vs. WT, *p < 0.05 vs. 5XFAD analyzed by one-way ANOVA