TNEA treatment reduced Aβ plaque-associated LAMP1 in 5XFAD mice brains. Representative fluorescent images of LAMP1 (green), APP/Aβ (6E10, red) and DAPI (blue) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (A) and hippocampal (HI) CA1 (B) of mice from WT, 5XFAD and 5XFAD+TNEA groups. Original magnification: 20×, scale bar: 200 μm. Corresponding zoom-in images (scale bar: 100 μm) were processed using ImageJ to demonstrate the colocalization. The area of plaque-associated LAMP1 was quantified as mean ± SEM (male, n = 5 to 6) and analyzed by unpaired t test. *p < 0 .05 and **p < 0.01 vs. 5XFAD group