Table 1.
Patient characteristics stratified by level of respiratory support during acute phase of COVID-19. P-values of less than 0.05 were obtained for age, BMI, chronic heart disease, diabetes, pulmonary restriction and DLCO reduction (bold). P-values are based on Chi2, Fischer's exact test or Kruskal-Wallis-test where applicable. Abbreviations: NOO – no oxygen, outpatient; NOH – no oxygen hospitalized; LFO – low-flow oxygen supply; HFO – high-flow oxygen (including termporary non-invasive ventilation); IMV – invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO – extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CCI – Charlson Comorbidity Index. *missing values: Smoking history n = 3; Immunosuppression: n = 1.
| All | Level of respiratory support | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 180) | NOO (n = 42) | NOH (n = 29) | LFO (n = 43) | HFO (n = 24) | IMV (n = 26) | ECMO (n = 16) | p | |
| Age (median (IQR)) | 56.50 (43.25–65.75) | 44.00 (35.00–60.00) | 62.00 (40.00–70.00) | 56.00 (48.00–65.00) | 60.00 (52.00–65.50) | 60.50 (52.00–71.00) | 56.00 (49.00–63.50) | <0.0001 |
| Sex female (n/%) | 68 (37.78%) | 26 (61.90%) | 15 (51.72%) | 10 (23.26%) | 5 (20.83%) | 7 (26.92%) | 5 (31.25%) | 0.001 |
| Sex male (n/%) | 112 (62.22%) | 16 (38.10%) | 14 (48.28%) | 33 (76.74%) | 19 (79.17%) | 19 (65.52%) | 11 (68.75%) | 0.001 |
| BMI (median (IQR)) | 26.72 (23.88–31.30) | 24.02 (22.45–26.47) | 25.1 (23.46–27.34) | 27.76 (24.33–32.72) | 29.52 (25.95–33.36) | 29.39 (26.12–32.14) | 29.35 (27.56–35.51) | 0.004 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Smoking history* (n/%) | 62 (34.44%) | 12 (29.27%) | 8 (27.59%) | 16 (37.21%) | 8 (33.33%) | 14 (56.00%) | 4 (26.67%) | 0.246 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| CCI 0 (n/%) | 51 (28.33%) | 21 (50.00%) | 8 (27.59%) | 10 (23.26%) | 5 (20.83%) | 3 (11.54%) | 4 (25.00%) | 0.016 |
| CCI 1–2 (n/%) | 65 (36.11%) | 13 (30.95%) | 7 (24.14%) | 20 (46.51%) | 9 (37.50%) | 10 (38.46%) | 6 (37.50%) | 0.502 |
| CCI 3–4 (n/%) | 46 (25.56%) | 8 (19.05%) | 14 (48.28%) | 8 (18.60%) | 4 (16.67%) | 8 (30.77%) | 4 (25.00%) | 0.063 |
| CCI >5 (n/%) | 18 (10.00%) | 0 | 0 | 5 (11.63%) | 6 (25.00%) | 5 (19.23%) | 2 (12.50%) | 0.001 |
| Chronic lung disease (n/%) | 26 (14.44%) | 6 (14.29%) | 4 (13.79%) | 2 (4.65%) | 5 (20.83%) | 6 (23.08%) | 3 (18.75%) | 0.224 |
| Asthma (n/%) | 13 (7.22%) | 5 (11.90%) | 1 (3.45%) | 1 (2.33%) | 2 (8.33%) | 4 (15.38%) | 0 | 0.205 |
| COPD (n/%) | 11 (6.11%) | 0 | 2 (6.90%) | 2 (4.65%) | 2 (8.33%) | 3 (11.54%) | 2 (12.50%) | 0.166 |
| Chronic heart disease (n/%) | 78 (43.33%) | 9 (21.43%) | 10 (34.48%) | 19 (44.19%) | 14 (58.33%) | 15 (57.69%) | 11 (68.75%) | 0.003 |
| Chronic kidney disease (n/%) | 21 (11.67%) | 2 (4.76%) | 6 (20.69%) | 6 (13.95%) | 2 (8.33%) | 3 (11.54%) | 2 (12.50%) | 0.429 |
| Diabetes (n/%) | 30 (16.67%) | 4 (9.52%) | 1 (3.45%) | 6 (13.95%) | 7 (29.17%) | 5 (19.23%) | 7 (43.75%) | 0.006 |
| Chronic liver disease (n/%) | 9 (5.00%) | 1 (2.38%) | 2 (6.90%) | 2 (4.65%) | 2 (8.33%) | 2 (7.69%) | 0 | 0.777 |
| Chronic immunological disease (n/%) | 4 (2.22%) | 2 (4.76%) | 4 (13.79%) | 2 (4.65%) | 2 (8.33%) | 0 | 3 (18.75%) | 0.139 |
| Chronic neurological disease (n/%) | 23 (12.22%) | 4 (9.52%) | 3 (10.34%) | 8 (18.60%) | 5 (20.83%) | 1 (3.85%) | 2 (12.50%) | 0.405 |
| Psychiatric disease (n/%) | 12 (6.67%) | 3 (7.14%) | 1 (3.45%) | 3 (6.98%) | 2 (8.33%) | 0 | 3 (18.75) | 0.290 |
| Active cancer (n/%) | 5 (2.78%) | 2 (4.76%) | 1 (3.45%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.756 |
| Chronic haematological disease (n/%) | 4 (2.22%) | 1 (2.38%) | 2 (7.14%) | 3 (6.98%) | 4 (16.67%) | 0 | 1 (6.25%) | 0.188 |
| Immunosuppression* (3 M pre-COVID) (n/%) | 11 (6.11%) | 1 (2.38%) | 2 (7.14%) | 3 (6.98%) | 4 (16.67%) | 0 | 1 (6.25%) | 0.188 |
| Organ transplanted (n/%) | 5 (2.78%) | 1 (2.38%) | 2 (6.90%) | 1 (2.33%) | 1 (4.17%) | 0 | 0 | 0.779 |
| Pulmonary function | ||||||||
| Simple Restriction (n/%) | 59 (32.8%) | 5 (11.90%) | 5 (17.24%) | 13 (30.95%) | 11 (45.83%) | 16 (61.54%) | 9 (56.25%) | <0.0001 |
| Complex Restriction (n/%) | 92 (51.10%) | 25 (59.52%) | 19 (65.52%) | 19 (45.24%) | 12 (50.00%) | 10 (38.46%) | 7 (43.75%) | 0.337 |
| Obstruction (n/%) | 8 (4.40%) | 0 | 1 (3.45%) | 2 (4.76%) | 2 (8.33%) | 3 (11.53%) | 0 | 0.185 |
| DLCOreduced (n/%) | 109 (60.60%) | 18 (42.86%) | 15 (51.72%) | 26 (61.90%) | 26 (61.90%) | 17 (65.38%) | 19 (76.00%) | 0.010 |